Cyclic derivatives as modulators of chemokine receptor activity

ABSTRACT

The present application describes modulators of MCP-1 of formula (I):  
                 
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof, useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis and asthma.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Application No.60/496,947 filed on Aug. 21, 2003, which is expressly incorporated fullyherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to modulators of chemokine receptoractivity, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methodsof using the same as agents for treatment and prevention of inflammatorydiseases, allergic and autoimmune diseases, and in particular, asthma,rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, of molecular weight 6-15 kDa, thatare released by a wide variety of cells to attract and activate, amongother cell types, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, eosinophils,basophils and neutrophils (reviewed in: Luster, New Eng. J. Med. 1998,338, 436-445 and Rollins, Blood 1997, 90, 909-928). There are two majorclasses of chemokines, CXC and CC, depending on whether the first twocysteines in the amino acid sequence are separated by a single aminoacid (CXC) or are adjacent (CC). The CXC chemokines, such asinterleukin-8 (IL-8), neutrophil-activating protein-2 (NAP-2) andmelanoma growth stimulatory activity protein (MGSA) are chemotacticprimarily for neutrophils and T lymphocytes, whereas the CC chemokines,such as RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, the monocyte chemotactic proteins(MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, and MCP-5) and the eotaxins (-1 and -2) arechemotactic for, among other cell types, macrophages, T lymphocytes,eosinophils, dendritic cells, and basophils. There also exist thechemokines lymphotactin-1, lymphotactin-2 (both C chemokines), andfractalkine (a CX₃C chemokine) that do not fall into either of the majorchemokine subfamilies.

The chemokines bind to specific cell-surface receptors belonging to thefamily of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane-domain proteins(reviewed in: Horuk, Trends Pharm. Sci. 1994, 15, 159-165) which aretermed “chemokine receptors.” On binding their cognate ligands,chemokine receptors transduce an intracellular signal though theassociated trimeric G proteins, resulting in, among other responses, arapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration, changes in cellshape, increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules,degranulation, and promotion of cell migration. There are at least tenhuman chemokine receptors that bind or respond to CC chemokines with thefollowing characteristic patterns (reviewed in Zlotnik and OshieImmunity 2000, 12, 121): CCR-1 (or “CKR-1” or “CC-CKR-1”) [MIP-1α,MCP-3, MCP-4, RANTES] (Ben-Barruch, et al., Cell 1993, 72, 415-425, andLuster, New Eng. J. Med. 1998, 338, 436-445); CCR-2A and CCR-2B (or“CKR-2A”/“CKR-2B” or “CC-CKR-2A”/“CC-CKR-2B”) [MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3,MCP-4, MCP-5] (Charo, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91,2752-2756, and Luster, New Eng. J. Med. 1998, 338, 436-445); CCR-3 (or“CKR-3” or “CC-CKR-3”) [eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, RANTES, MCP-3, MCP-4](Combadiere, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 16491-16494, and Luster,New Eng. J. Med. 1998, 338, 436-445); CCR-4 (or “CKR-4” or “CC-CKR-4”)[TARC, MDC] (Power, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 19495-19500, andLuster, New Eng. J. Med. 1998, 338, 436-445); CCR-5 (or “CKR-5” OR“CC-CKR-5”) [MIP-1α, RANTES, MIP-1β] (Sanson, et al., Biochemistry 1996,35, 3362-3367); CCR-6 (or “CKR-6” or “CC-CKR-6”) [LARC] (Baba, et al.,J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 14893-14898); CCR-7 (or “CKR-7” or “CC-CKR-7”)[ELC] (Yoshie et al., J. Leukoc. Biol. 1997, 62, 634-644); CCR-8 (or“CKR-8” or “CC-CKR-8”) [I-309] (Napolitano et al., J. Immunol., 1996,157, 2759-2763); CCR-10 (or “CKR-10” or “CC-CKR-10”) [MCP-1, MCP-3](Bonini, et al., DNA and Cell Biol. 1997, 16, 1249-1256); and CCR-11[MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-4] (Schweickert, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2000,275, 90550).

In addition to the mammalian chemokine receptors, mammaliancytomegaloviruses, herpesviruses and poxviruses have been shown toexpress, in infected cells, proteins with the binding properties ofchemokine receptors (reviewed in: Wells and Schwartz, Curr. Opin.Biotech. 1997, 8, 741-748). Human CC chemokines, such as RANTES andMCP-3, can cause rapid mobilization of calcium via these virally encodedreceptors. Receptor expression may be permissive for infection byallowing for the subversion of normal immune system surveillance andresponse to infection. Additionally, human chemokine receptors, such asCXCR4, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 and CCR8, can act as co-receptors for theinfection of mammalian cells by microbes as with, for example, the humanimmunodeficiency viruses (HIV).

The chemokines and their cognate receptors have been implicated as beingimportant mediators of inflammatory, infectious, and immunoregulatorydisorders and diseases, including asthma and allergic diseases, as wellas autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis andatherosclerosis (reviewed in: P. H. Carter, Current Opinion in ChemicalBiology 2002, 6, 510; Trivedi, et al, Ann. Reports Med. Chem. 2000, 35,191; Saunders and Tarby, Drug Disc. Today 1999, 4, 80; Premack andSchall, Nature Medicine 1996, 2, 1174). For example, the chemokinemonocyte chemoattractant-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor CC ChemokineReceptor 2 (CCR-2) play a pivotal role in attracting leukocytes to sitesof inflammation and in subsequently activating these cells. When thechemokine MCP-1 binds to CCR-2, it induces a rapid increase inintracellular calcium concentration, increased expression of cellularadhesion molecules, cellular degranulation, and the promotion ofleukocyte migration. Demonstration of the importance of the MCP-1/CCR-2interaction has been provided by experiments with genetically modifiedmice. MCP-1 −/− mice had normal numbers of leukocytes and macrophages,but were unable to recruit monocytes into sites of inflammation afterseveral different types of immune challenge (Bao Lu, et al., J. Exp.Med. 1998, 187, 601). Likewise, CCR-2 −/− mice were unable to recruitmonocytes or produce interferon-γ when challenged with various exogenousagents; moreover, the leukocytes of CCR-2 null mice did not migrate inresponse to MCP-1 (Landin Boring, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 100,2552), thereby demonstrating the specificity of the MCP-1/CCR-2interaction. Two other groups have independently reported equivalentresults with different strains of CCR-2 −/− mice (William A. Kuziel, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 12053, and Takao Kurihara, etal., J. Exp. Med. 1997, 186, 1757). The viability and generally normalhealth of the MCP-1 −/− and CCR-2 −/− animals is noteworthy, in thatdisruption of the MCP-1/CCR-2 interaction does not induce physiologicalcrisis. Taken together, these data lead one to the conclusion thatmolecules that block the actions of MCP-1 would be useful in treating anumber of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. This hypothesis has nowbeen validated in a number of different animal disease models, asdescribed below.

It is known that MCP-1 is upregulated in patients with rheumatoidarthritis (Alisa Koch, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1992, 90, 772-779).Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the potential therapeuticvalue of antagonism of the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating rheumatoidarthritis. A DNA vaccine encoding MCP-1 was shown recently to amelioratechronic polyadjuvant-induced arthritis in rats (Sawsan Youssef, et al.,J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 106, 361). Likewise, inflammatory diseasesymptoms could be controlled via direct administration of antibodies forMCP-1 to rats with collagen-induced arthritis (Hiroomi Ogata, et al., J.Pathol. 1997, 182, 106), or streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis(Ralph C. Schimmer, et al., J. Immunol. 1998, 160, 1466). Perhaps mostsignificantly, a peptide antagonist. of MCP-1, MCP-1 (9-76), was shownboth to prevent disease onset and to reduce disease symptoms (dependingon the time of administration) in the MRL-1pr mouse model of arthritis(Jiang-Hong Gong, et al., J. Exp. Med. 1997, 186, 131).

It is known that MCP-1 is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions, and ithas been shown that circulating levels of MCP-1 are reduced throughtreatment with therapeutic agents, plays a role in disease progression(Abdolreza Rezaie-Majd, et al, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002,22, 1194-1199). Four key studies have demonstrated the potentialtherapeutic value of antagonism of the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction intreating atherosclerosis. For example, when MCP-1 −/− mice are matedwith LDL receptor-deficient mice, an 83% reduction in aortic lipiddeposition was observed (Long Gu, et al., Mol. Cell 1998, 2, 275).Similarly, when MCP-1 was genetically ablated from mice which alreadyoverexpressed human apolipoprotein B, the resulting mice were protectedfrom atherosclerotic lesion formation relative to the MCP-1 +/+ apoBcontrol mice (Jennifa Gosling, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 103, 773).Likewise, when CCR-2 −/− mice are crossed with apolipoprotein E −/−mice, a significant decrease in the incidence of atherosclerotic lesionswas observed (Landin Boring, et al, Nature 1998, 394, 894). Finally,when apolipoprotein E −/− mice are administered a gene encoding apeptide antagonist of CCR2, then lesion size is decreased and plaquestability is increased (W. Ni, et al. Circulation 2001, 103, 2096-2101).

It is known that MCP-1 is upregulated in human multiple sclerosis, andit has been shown that effective therapy with interferon b-1b reducesMCP-1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting thatMCP-1 plays a role in disease progression (Carla Iarlori, et al., J.Neuroimmunol. 2002, 123, 170-179). Other studies have demonstrated thepotential therapeutic value of antagonism of the MCP-1/CCR-2 interactionin treating multiple sclerosis; all of these studies have beendemonstrated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), theconventional animal model for multiple scelerosis. Administration ofantibodies for MCP-1 to animals with EAE significantly diminisheddisease relapse (K. J. Kennedy, et al., J. Neuroimmunol. 1998, 92, 98).Furthermore, two recent reports have now shown that CCR-2 −/− mice areresistant to EAE (Brian T. Fife, et al., J. Exp. Med. 2000, 192, 899;Leonid Izikson, et al., J. Exp. Med. 2000, 192, 1075).

It is known that MCP-1 is upregulated in patients who developbronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation (MartineReynaud-Gaubert, et al., J. of Heart and Lung Transplant., 2002, 21,721-730; John Belperio, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 108, 547-556). Ina murine model of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, administration ofan antibody to MCP-1 led to attenuation of airway obliteration;likewise, CCR2 −/− mice were resistant to airway obliteration in thissame model (John Belperio, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 108, 547-556).These data suggest that antagonism of MCP-1/CCR2 may be beneficial intreating rejection of organs following transplantation.

Other studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic value ofantagonism of the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating asthma.Sequestration of MCP-1 with a neutralizing antibody inovalbumin-challenged mice resulted in marked decrease in bronchialhyperresponsiveness and inflammation (Jose-Angel Gonzalo, et al., J.Exp. Med. 1998, 188, 157). It proved possible to reduce allergic airwayinflammation in Schistosoma mansoni egg-challenged mice through theadministration of antibodies for MCP-1 (Nicholas W. Lukacs, et al., J.Immunol. 1997, 158, 4398). Consistent with this, MCP-1 −/− micedisplayed a reduced response to challenge with Schistosoma mansoni egg(Bao Lu, et al., J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187, 601).

Other studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic value ofantagonism of the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating kidney disease.Administration of antibodies for MCP-1 in a murine model ofglomerularnephritis resulted in a marked decrease in glomerular crescentformation and deposition of type I collagen (Clare M. Lloyd, et al., J.Exp. Med. 1997, 185, 1371). In addition, MCP-1 −/− mice with inducednephrotoxic serum nephritis showed significantly less tubular damagethan their MCP-1 +/+ counterparts (Gregory H. Tesch, et al., J. Clin.Invest. 1999, 103, 73).

One study has demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of antagonismof the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating systemic lupus erythematosus.Crossing of MCP-1 −/− mice with MRL-FAS^(1pr) mice—the latter of whichhave a fatal autoimmune disease that is analogous to human systemiclupus erythematosus—results mice that have less disease and longersurvival than the wildtype MRL-FAS^(1pr) mice (Gregory H. Tesch, et al.,J. Exp. Med. 1999, 190, 1813).

One study has demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of antagonismof the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating colitis. CCR-2 −/− mice wereprotected from the effects of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis(Pietro G. Andres, et al., J. Immunol. 2000, 164, 6303).

One study has demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of antagonismof the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating alveolitis. When rats with IgAimmune complex lung injury were treated intravenously with antibodiesraised against rat MCP-1 (JE), the symptoms of alveolitis were partiallyaleviated (Michael L. Jones, et al., J. Immunol. 1992, 149, 2147).

One study has demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of antagonismof the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating cancer. When immunodeficientmice bearing human breast carcinoma cells were treated with ananti-MCP-1 antibody, inhibition of lung micrometastases and increases insurvival were observed (Rosalba Salcedo, et al., Blood 2000, 96, 34-40).

One study has demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of antagonismof the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction in treating restinosis. Mice deficient inCCR2 showed reductions in the intimal area and in the intima/media ratio(relative to wildtype littermates) after injury of the femoral artery(Merce Roque, et al. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002, 22,554-559).

Other studies have provided evidence that MCP-1 is overexpressed invarious disease states not mentioned above. These reports providecorrelative evidence that MCP-1 antagonists could be useful therapeuticsfor such diseases. Two reports described the overexpression of MCP-1 inthe intestinal epithelial cells and bowel mucosa of patients withinflammatory bowel disease (H. C. Reinecker, et al., Gastroenterology1995, 108, 40, and Michael C. Grimm, et al., J. Leukoc. Biol. 1996, 59,804). Two reports describe the overexpression of MCP-1 rats with inducedbrain trauma (J. S. King, et al., J. Neuroimmunol. 1994, 56, 127, andJoan W. Berman, et al., J. Immunol. 1996, 156, 3017). Another study hasdemonstrated the overexpression of MCP-1 in rodent cardiac allografts,suggesting a role for MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of transplantarteriosclerosis (Mary E. Russell, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA1993, 90, 6086). The overexpression of MCP-1 has been noted in the lungendothelial cells of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (HarryN. Antoniades, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 5371).Similarly, the overexpression of MCP-1 has been noted in the skin frompatients with psoriasis (M. Deleuran, et al., J. Dermatol. Sci. 1996,13, 228, and R. Gillitzer, et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 1993, 101, 127).Finally, a recent report has shown that MCP-1 is overexpressed in thebrains and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-1-associateddementia (Alfredo Garzino-Demo, WO 99/46991).

It should also be noted that CCR-2 has been implicated as a co-receptorfor some strains of HIV (B. J. Doranz, et al., Cell 1996, 85, 1149). Ithas also been determined that the use of CCR-2 as an HIV co-receptor canbe correlated with disease progression (Ruth I. Connor, et al., J. Exp.Med. 1997, 185, 621). This finding is consistent with the recent findingthat the presence of a CCR-2 mutant, CCR2-64I, is positively correlatedwith delayed onset of HIV in the human population (Michael W. Smith, etal., Science 1997, 277, 959). Although MCP-1 has not been implicated inthese processes, it may be that MCP-1 antagonists that act via bindingto CCR-2 may have beneficial therapeutic effects in delaying the diseaseprogression to AIDS in HIV-infected patients.

It should be noted that CCR-2 is also the receptor for the chemokinesMCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, and MCP-5 (Luster, New Eng. J. Med. 1998, 338,436-445). Since the new compounds of formula (I) described hereinantagonize MCP-1 by binding to the CCR-2 receptor, it may be that thesecompounds of formula (I) are also effective antagonists of the actionsof MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, and MCP-5 that are mediated by CCR-2.Accordingly, when reference is made herein to “antagonism of MCP-1,” itis to be assumed that this is equivalent to “antagonism of chemokinestimulation of CCR-2.”

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention provides novel antagonists or partialagonists/antagonists of MCP-1 receptor activity, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts or prodrugs thereof.

The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof.

The present invention provides a method for treating rheumatoidarthritis, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis, comprisingadministering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one of the compounds of the presentinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof.

The present invention provides a method for treating inflammatorydiseases, comprising administering to a host in need of such treatment atherapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of thepresent invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug formthereof.

The present invention provides novel cyclic derivatives for use intherapy.

The present invention provides the use of novel cyclic derivatives forthe manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatorydiseases.

These and other features of the invention, which will become apparentduring the following detailed description, have been achieved by theinventors' discovery that compounds of formula (I):

or stereoisomers or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, whereinB, X, Z, m, n, s, carbon b, bond (a), R¹, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ aredefined below, are effective modulators of MCP-1 and chemokine activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compound offormula (I)

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:

-   -   ring B is a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms wherein the        cycloalkyl group is saturated or partially unsaturated; and        being substituted with 1-2 R⁵; or a heterocycle of 3 to 7 atoms        wherein the heterocycle is saturated or partially unsaturated,        the heterocycle containing a heteroatom selected from —O—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, and —N(R⁴)—, the heterocycle optionally        containing a —C(O)— and being substituted with 0-2 R⁵;    -   X is selected from O or S;    -   Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(S)—, —NR⁸C(O)NH—,        —NR⁸C(S)NH—, —NR⁸SO₂—, —NR⁸SO₂NH—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)NR⁸—,        —NR⁸C(O)O—, —CR¹⁴═CR¹⁴—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(O)—,        —C(O)CR¹⁵R¹⁵—, CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(═N—OR¹⁶)—, —O—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R14—O—,        —O—, —NR⁹—, —NR⁹—CR¹⁴R14—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—NR⁹—, —S(O)_(p)—,        —S(O)_(p)—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—S(O)_(p)—, and —S(O)_(p)—NR⁹—;    -   wherein neither Z nor R¹³ are connected to a carbon atom labeled        (b);    -   bond (a) is a single or double bond;    -   alternatively, when n is equal to 2, two atoms labeled (b) may        join through a double bond;    -   R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,        C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted        with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, and a        5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms        selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶;    -   with the proviso that if R¹ is H, then either a) R⁵ is        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), or b) ring B is a heterocyclic system        containing at least one N(R⁴);    -   and with the further proviso that if R⁵ is H, then either a) R¹        is not H, or b) ring B is a heterocyclic system containing at        least one N(R⁴);    -   with the proviso that R¹ is not —CH₂S(O)_(p)—R^(1a),        —CH₂S(O)₂—R^(1a), —NHC(O)—R^(1a), —NHC(O)NH—R^(1a),        —NHCH₂—R^(1a), —NHSO₂—R^(1a), —NHSO₂NH—R^(1a), when R^(1a) is        equal to C₆₋₁₀ aryl group or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system        containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;    -   R² is selected from a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁷        and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms        selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl,        (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)SR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)^(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a        (CRR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e), and a        (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3        R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(4e),        and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4c) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(4b), —C(O)OR^(4d),        —C(O)NR^(4f)R^(4f), C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(4h),        NHSO₂R^(4h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(4d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆        alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a        C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e);    -   R^(4e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(4f)R^(4f), —C(O)R^(4i),        —C(O)OR^(4j), —C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —OC(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h),        —NR^(4h)C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)OR^(4j), C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(4k), NHSO₂R^(4k), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(4f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(4h), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic;    -   R^(4i), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈        alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue;    -   R^(4j), at each occurrence, is selected from CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl,        C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue;    -   R^(4k), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, ═O,        C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, F, Cl, Br, I,        (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)SH, (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)H,        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a),        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue        substituted with 0-3 R^(5c), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5c);    -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(5e);    -   wherein when R⁵ is (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), neither R^(5a) are        H;    -   R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with        0-2 R^(5e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system        containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(5e);    -   R^(5c), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NHC(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)S(O)₂R^(5b),        C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), NHSO₂R^(5h),        (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3        R^(5e);    -   R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆        alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with        0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a        C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e);    -   R^(5e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅        alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHR^(5h),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NHR^(5h), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), NHSO₂R^(5h), a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(5f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(5g) is independently selected from —CN, —C(O)R^(5b),        —C(O)OR^(5d), —C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), —C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(5h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with        0-3 R^(5e);    -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a′)R^(6a′), (CR′R′)_(r)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SC(O)        (CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b)′,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(6a)        (CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a′)R^(6d)′,        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(6f))NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(6f))NR^(6f)R^(6f),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b)′, (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂R^(6b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′,        (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(6e);    -   alternatively, two R⁶ on adjacent atoms on R¹ may join to form a        cyclic acetal;    -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl        substituted with 0-1 R^(6g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic        residue substituted with 0-5 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10        membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e);    -   R^(6a) 40 , at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3        R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system        containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e);    -   R^(6b)′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e),        C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue        substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(6e);    -   R^(6d)′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, CF₃ and C₁₋₆        alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), C(O)NHR^(6h),        C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h),        NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(6b), —C(O)OR^(6d),        —C(O)NR^(6f)R^(6f), (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h), NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(6h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(7f))NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(7f))NR^(7f)R^(7f),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′,        (CR′R′)_(r) C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^(7e),        (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(7e);    -   alternatively, two R⁷ on adjacent atoms on R² may join to form a        cyclic acetal;    -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(7g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(7e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(7e);    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3        R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system        containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e);    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(7e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted        with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic        system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(7e);    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, OH,        SH, C(O)OH, C(O)NHR^(7h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl,        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(7h), NHSO₂R^(7h),        and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl, (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl;    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(7g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(7b), —C(O)OR^(7d),        —C(O)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(7h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with        0-3 R^(6e);    -   R⁸ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl;    -   R⁹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, —C(O)H, and        —C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   R¹⁰ is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted        with 0-1 R^(10b);    -   R^(10b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH,        —SH, NR^(10c)R^(10c), —C(O)NR^(10c)R^(10c), and —NHC(O)R^(10c);    -   R^(10c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, (CHR)_(q)OH, (CHR)_(q)SH,        (CHR)_(q)OR^(11d), (CHR)_(q)S(O)_(p)R^(11d),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(r)NR^(11a)R^(11a),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)OR^(11d),        (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)OR^(11d),        (CHR)_(q)OC(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(11d), a        (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(11e),        and a (CHR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(11e);    -   R^(11a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ alkenyl, C₃₋₄ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered nonaromatic        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e);    -   R^(11b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from        C-₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6        membered nonaromatic heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(11e);    -   R^(11d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, —CF₃, C₂₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl, a C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6        membered nonaromatic heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(11e);    -   R^(11e), at each occurrence, is selected from C-₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(11f)R^(11f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(11f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹² is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and a (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(12e);    -   R¹³, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, and        C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(13b), —OH, —NH₂, F, Cl, Br,        I, —OR^(13a), —N(R^(13a))₂, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-3        R^(13b);    -   R^(13a) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(13b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH,        —SH, NR^(13c)R^(13c), —C(O)NR^(13c)R^(13c), and —NHC(O)R^(13c);    -   R^(13c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹⁴, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H and        C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   alternatively, two R¹⁴s, along with the carbon atom to which        they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring;    -   R¹⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄        alkyl, OH, NH₂, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, NR^(15a)R^(15a),        C(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), NR^(15a)C(O)R^(15b), NR^(15a)C(O)OR^(15d),        OC(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), and (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(15d);    -   alternatively, two R¹⁵s, along with the carbon atom or atoms to        which they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring;    -   R^(15a), at each occurrence, is independently seleced from H,        and C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   R^(15b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl;    -   R^(15d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl;    -   R¹⁶ is selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   l is selected from 1, 2 and 3;    -   n is selected from O, 1, 2, and 3;    -   m is selected from 0 and 1;    -   p, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, and        2;    -   q, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 1, 2, 3,        and 4;    -   r, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, 2,        3, and 4;    -   t, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 2, 3, and        4;    -   s is selected from 0 and 1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:

-   -   ring B is a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms wherein the        cycloalkyl group is saturated or partially unsaturated; or a        heterocycle of 3 to 7 atoms wherein the heterocycle is saturated        or partially unsaturated, the heterocycle containing a        heteroatom selected from —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, and        —N(R⁴)—, the heterocycle optionally containing a —C(O)—; ring B        being substituted with 1-2 R⁵; or ring B being substituted with        0-2 R⁵;    -   X is selected from O or S;    -   Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(S)—, —NR⁸C(O)NH—,        —NR⁸C(S)NH—, —NR⁸SO₂—, —NR⁸SO₂NH—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)NR⁸—,        —NR⁸C(O)O—, —(CR¹⁵R¹⁵)_(l)—, —CR¹⁴═CR¹⁴—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(O)—,        —C(O)CR¹⁵R¹⁵—, CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(═N—OR¹⁶)—, —O—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—O—,        —O—, —NR⁹—, —NR⁹—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—NR⁹—, —S(O)_(p)—,        —S(O)_(p)—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—S(O)_(p)—, and —S(O)_(p)—NR⁹—;    -   wherein neither Z nor R¹³ are connected to a carbon atom labeled        (b);    -   bond (a) is a single or double bond;    -   alternatively, when n is equal to 2, two atoms labeled (b) may        join through a double bond;    -   R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,        C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted        with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, and a        5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms        selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶;    -   with the proviso that R¹ is not —CH₂S(O)_(p)—R^(1a),        —CH₂S(O)₂—R^(1a), —NHC(O)—R^(1a), —NHC(O)NH—R^(1a),        —NHCH₂—R^(1a), —SO₂NH—R^(1a), —NHSO₂NH—R^(1a), when R^(1a) is        equal to aryl or heteroaryl; (with the proviso that the        compounds of the present invention are not those as defined in        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/027,644, filed Dec. 20, 2001        (attorney docket number PH7269), U.S. patent application Ser.        No. 10/383,391, filed Mar. 7, 2003 (attorney docket number        PH7369), U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/446,850, filed        Feb. 12, 2003 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/776,828,        filed Feb. 11, 2004 (attorney docket number PH7442), and U.S.        Provisional Patent Application 60/467,003, filed May 1, 2003 and        U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/837,179, filed Apr. 29, 2004        (attorney docket number PH7470);    -   R² is selected from a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁷        and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms        selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl,        (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)SR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a        (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e), and a        (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3        R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(4e),        and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(4e);    -   R^(4c) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(4b), —C(O)OR^(4d),        —C(O)NR^(4f)R^(4f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(4d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆        alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a        C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e);    -   R^(4e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(4f)R^(4f), —C(O)R^(4i),        —C(O)OR^(4j), —C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —OC(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h),        —NR^(4h)C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)OR^(4j), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(4f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(4h), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic;    -   R^(4i), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈        alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue;    -   R^(4j), at each occurrence, is selected from CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl,        C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue;    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, ═O,        C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(r)OH,        (CRR)_(r)SH, (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)H,        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a),        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue        substituted with 0-3 R^(5c), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(5c);    -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(5e);    -   wherein when R⁵ is (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), neither R^(5a)are        H;    -   R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2        R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(5e),        and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(5e);    -   R^(5c), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NHC(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)S(O)₂R^(5b), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e);    -   R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆        alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with        0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a        C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e);    -   R^(5e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅        alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(5f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(5g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(5b), —C(O)OR^(5d),        —C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with R^(5e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with        R5e;    -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)SC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)OC        (O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(6f))NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(6f))NR^(6f)R^(6f),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with        0-3 R′, (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(6e);    -   alternatively, two R⁶ on adjacent atoms on R¹ may join to form a        cyclic acetal;    -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl        substituted with 0-1 R^(6g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic        residue substituted with 0-5 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10        membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e);    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(6e),        and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(6e);    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(6e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e),        C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue        substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered        heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,        O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(6e);    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(6b), —C(O)OR^(6d),        —C(O)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(7f))NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(7f))NR^(7f)R^(7f),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with        0-3 R′, and (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e);    -   alternatively, two R⁷ on adjacent atoms on R² may join to form a        cyclic acetal;    -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(7g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈        alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(7e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(7e);    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2        R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(7e),        and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(7e);    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2        R^(7e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted        with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic        system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(7e);    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, C(O)OC₁₋₅        alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(7g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(7b), —C(O)OR^(7d),        —C(O)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with R^(6e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with        R^(6e);    -   R⁸ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl;    -   R⁹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, —C(O)H, and        —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl;    -   R¹⁰ is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted        with 0-1 R^(10b);    -   R^(10b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH,        —SH, —NR^(10c)R^(10c), —C(O)NR^(10c)R^(10c), and —NHC(O)R^(10c);    -   R^(10c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, (CHR)_(q)OH, (CHR)_(q)SH,        (CHR)_(q)OR^(11d), (CHR)_(q)S(O)_(p)R^(11d),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(r)NR^(11a)R^(11a),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)OR^(11d),        (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)OR^(11d),        (CHR)_(q)OC(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(11d), a        (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(11e),        and a (CHR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(11e);    -   R^(11a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ alkenyl, C₃₋₄ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted        with 0-5 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic        system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(11e);    -   R^(11b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic        residue substituted with 0-2 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6        membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e);    -   R^(11d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, —CF₃, C₂₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl, a C₃₋₆        carbocyclic-residue substituted with 0-3 R^(11e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(11e);    -   R^(11e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(11f)R^(11f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(11f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹² is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, (CHR)_(q)OH, (CHR)_(q)SH,        (CHR)_(q)OR^(12d), (CHR)_(q)S(O)_(p)R^(12d),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)R^(12b), (CHR)_(r)NR^(12a)R^(12a),        (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(12a)R^(12a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(12a)OR^(12d),        (CHR)_(q)NR^(12a)C(O)R^(12b), (CHR)_(q)NR^(12a)C(O)OR^(12d),        (CHR)_(q)OC(O)NR^(12a)R^(12a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(12d), a        (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(12e),        and a (CHR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(12e);    -   R^(12a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ alkenyl, C₃₋₄ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted        with 0-5 R^(12e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic        system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(12e);    -   R^(12b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic        residue substituted with 0-2 R^(12e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6        membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(12e);    -   R^(12d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, —CF₃, C₂₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl, a C₃₋₆        carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(12e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(12e);    -   R^(12e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂,        (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(12f)R^(12f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(12f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹³, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, and        C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(13b), —OH, —NH₂, F, Cl, Br,        I, -OR^(13a), —N(R^(13a))₂, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-3        R^(13b);    -   R^(13a) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R^(13b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH,        —SH, —NR^(13c)R^(13c), —C(O)NR^(13c)R^(13c), and —NHC(O)R^(13c);    -   R^(13c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;    -   R¹⁴, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H and        C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   alternatively, two R¹⁴s, along with the carbon atom to which        they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring;    -   R¹⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄        alkyl, OH, NH₂, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, NR^(15a)R^(15a),        C(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), NR^(15a)C(O)R^(15b), NR^(15a)C(O)OR^(15d),        OC(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), and (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(15d);    -   alternatively, two R¹⁵s, along with the carbon atom or atoms to        which they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring;    -   R^(15a), at each occurrence, is independently seleced from H,        and C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   R^(15b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl;    -   R^(15d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄        alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl;    -   R¹⁶ is selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   l is selected from 1, 2 and 3;    -   n is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3;    -   m is selected from 0 and 1;    -   p, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, and        2;    -   q, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 1, 2, 3,        and 4;    -   r, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, 2,        3, and 4;    -   t, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 2, 3, and        4;    -   s is selected from 0 and 1.

Thus, in a another embodiment, the present invention provides novelcompounds of formula (I):

-   -   m is 0.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   ring B is selected from    -    ring B being optionally substituted with 0-1 R⁵; and    -   R¹¹ and R¹² are H.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   ring B is selected from    -    each substituted with 1-2 R⁵, and    -    each being substituted with 0-1 R⁵; and    -   R¹¹ and R¹² are H.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆        alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)SH,        (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CHR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), CRR(CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)H,        (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e) wherein the alkyl        is selected from ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl,        pentyl, hexyl, C₃ alkenyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5e), wherein        the alkenyl is selected from allyl, C₃ alkynyl substituted with        0-1 R^(5e) wherein the alkynyl is selected from propynyl, and a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₄ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e),        wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl,        and cyclobutyl;    -   R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl        substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), wherein the alkyl is selected from        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, and        hexyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₄ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2        R^(5e), wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from        cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and    -   R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆        alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), wherein the alkyl is selected        from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl,        and hexyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic        residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl,        (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b);    -   R, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl,        ethyl, propyl, allyl, propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(5e);    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl,        propynyl, F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a        (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from        pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl;    -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and    -   r, at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, and 2.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,        C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted        with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, wherein        the aryl group is selected from phenyl and napthyl, and a 5-10        membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶, wherein the        heteroaryl is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl,        benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl,        benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,        benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,        indolyl, isonicotinyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolinyl,        isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, picolinyl, pyrazinyl,        pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl,        pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl,        triazinyl, and tetrazolyl;    -   R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷, and a 5-10        membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl        is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl,        benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,        benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,        benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,        indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl,        phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl,        pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolotrizinyl, quinazolinyl,        quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH,        (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b);    -   R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e) wherein C₂₋₆ alkyl is selected from ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl, and a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e)        wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl,        cyclohexyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(4b) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(4d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl; and    -   R⁸ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, and        cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, (CH₂)_(r)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H,        (CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b)′, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)′R^(6d)′,        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6        membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), wherein the        heterocyclic system is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl,        pyrrolyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl,        pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), C(O)NHR^(6h),        C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂₋R^(6h),        NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, adamantyl,        and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e) and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3        R^(7e), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from        thienyl, pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, and tetrazolyl;    -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        prop-2-enyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,        cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, CH₂cyclopropyl, and benzyl;    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, CH₂-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,        CH₂-cyclohexyl, CF₃, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperizenyl        substituted with 0-1 R^(7e), and azetidinyl;    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃,        CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl,        t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, OH,        SH, C(O)OH, C(O)NHR^(7h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl,        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(7h), NHSO₂R^(7h),        and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl, (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl;    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl; and    -   r is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(6d),        (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(6d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(6b),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CHR′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3        R^(6e);    -   R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, CN, NO₂,        NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b),        NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d), CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, C(O)R^(7b),        C(O)OR^(7d), NR^(7f)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHS(O)₂R^(7b),

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   ring B is selected from    -    each substituted with 1-2 R⁵, and    -    each being substituted with 0-1 R⁵;    -   Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸—, —C(O)NR⁸—, and        —NHC(O)NH—;    -   R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶        wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with        0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶;    -   R² is phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(4b);    -   R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, F,        Cl, Br, I, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), C(O)R^(6d),        SR^(6d), NR^(6a)R^(6a), C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), NC(O)R^(6b),        OC(O)R^(6b), S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), and        CF₃;    -   R^(6a) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, and phenyl;    -   alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are        attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1        additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the        heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl,        piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6b) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl or butyl;    -   R^(6d) is methyl, phenyl, CF₃, and (CH₂)-phenyl; and    -   r is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN,        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(7d),        (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(7d),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)OR^(7d),        (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂R⁷b,        C₁₋₂ haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r)adamantyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted        with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic        system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), wherein the heterocyclic ring is        selected from thiophenyl, pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, and        tetrazolyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (Ia), wherein:

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (Ia), wherein:

wherein

-   -   Z is selected from —NHC(O)—, —NHC(O)NH—, —NH—,    -   R¹ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted from 0-1 R⁶,        —C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷, and a 5-10        membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl        system is selected from from quinazolinyl, triazinyl,        pyrimidinyl, picolinyl, isonicotinyl, furanyl, indolyl,        pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, and        isoxazolyl;    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from methyl,        ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, F, Cl,        Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆        haloalkyl and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system        containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,        substituted with 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is        selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R⁶,        —C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; and    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl,        Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),        and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from        pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl,        (CRR)_(q)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b);    -   R, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl,        ethyl, propyl, allyl, propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(6e);    -   R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl,        propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b),        (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆        haloalkyl;    -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and    -   r, at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, and 2.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,        C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted        with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, wherein        the aryl group is selected from phenyl and napthyl, and a 5-10        membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶, wherein the        heteroaryl is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl,        benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl,        benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,        benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,        indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl,        oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,        pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,        quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl;    -   R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷, and a 5-10        membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl        is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl,        benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,        benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,        benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,        indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl,        phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl,        pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl,        thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CRR)_(q)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH,        (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a),        (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d),        (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b),        (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b);    -   R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e) wherein C₂₋₆ is selected from ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl, and a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e)        wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl,        cyclohexyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(4b) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(4d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl; and    -   R⁸ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, and        cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CR′R′)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CRR)_(r)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),        (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and        (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a        (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2        heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2        R^(6e);    -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl,        pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;    -   alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are        attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1        additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the        heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl,        piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CRR)_(r)C₃₋₆        cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CRR)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)O(CH)_(r)R^(7d), (CRR)_(r)SH,        (CRR)_(r)C(O)H, (CRR)_(r)S(CRR)_(r)R^(7d), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH,        (CRR)_(r)C(O)(CRR)_(r)R^(7b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CRR)_(r)R^(7b),        (CRR)_(r)C(O)O(CRR)_(r)R^(7d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)(CRR)_(r)R^(7b),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)O(CRR)_(r)R^(7d),        (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CRR)_(r)R^(7b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),        (CRR)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CRR)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and        (CRR)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e);    -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        prop-2-enyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,        cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, CH₂cyclopropyl, and benzyl;    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, CH₂-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,        CH₂-cyclohexyl, CF₃, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperizenyl        substituted with 0-1 R^(7e), and azetidinyl;    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃,        CF2CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl,        t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, C(O)OC₁₋₅        alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl; and    -   r is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CHR′)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F,        NO₂, CN, (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)OH,        (CHR′)_(r)OR^(6d), (CHR′)_(r)SH, (CHR′)_(r)C(O)H,        (CHR′)_(r)SR^(6d), (CHR′)_(r)C(O)OH, (CHR′)_(r)C(O)R^(6b),        (CHR′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b),        (CHR′)_(r)C(O)OR^(6d), (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)OC(O)R^(6b),        (CHR′)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),        (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂        NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CHR′)_(r)phenyl substituted        with 0-3 R^(6e);    -   R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, CN, NO₂,        NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b),        NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d), CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, C(O)R^(7b),        C(O)OR^(7d), NR^(7f)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHS(O)₂R^(7b),

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein: ring B is selected from

-   -    ring B being optionally substituted with 0-1 R⁵;    -   Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸—, —C(O)NR⁸—, and        —NHC(O)NH—;    -   R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶        wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with        0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶;    -   R² is phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(4b);    -   R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, F,        Cl, Br, I, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), C(O)R^(6d),        SR^(6d), NR^(6a)R^(6a), C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), NC(O)R^(6b),        OC(O)R^(6b), S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), and        CF₃;    -   R^(6a) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, and phenyl;    -   alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are        attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1        additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the        heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl,        piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6b) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl or butyl;    -   R^(6d) is methyl, phenyl, CF₃, and (CH₂)-phenyl; and    -   r is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   ring B is selected from    -    ring B being substituted with 0-1 R⁵;    -   R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, allyl and (CH₂)_(r) C(O)R^(4b);    -   R⁵ is selected from H, OH, OCH₃, and NR^(5a)R^(5a);    -   R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, allyl,        propargyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, acetyl,        methysulfonyl, —C(O)CF₃, C(═N)NH₂, benzyl, and —C(O)O-t-butyl;    -   R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, CN, NO₂,        NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b),        NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d), CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, OCF₂CF₃,        OCHF₂, and OCH₂F, C(O)OR^(7d), C(O)R^(7b),        NR^(7f)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHS(O)₂R^(7b),    -   R^(7a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl,        cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl;    -   R^(7b) is selected from cyclohexyl and CF₃; and    -   R^(7d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, and t-butyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   ring B is selected from    -    ring B being substituted with 0-1 R⁵;    -   R⁵ is selected from H, OH, OCH₃, and NR^(5a)R^(5a);    -   R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, allyl,        propargyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, acetyl,        methysulfonyl, —C(O)CF₃, C(═N)NH₂, benzyl, and —C(O)O-t-butyl;    -   R⁷ is selected from Cl, Br, CN, NR^(7a)R^(7a), CF₃, CF₂CF₃,        CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, OCF₂CF₃, OCHF₂, and OCH₂F; and    -   R^(7a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl,        cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   B is    -    ring B being substituted with 1 R⁵.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁵ is selected from NR^(5a)R^(5a);    -   R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, propargyl,        allyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropyl, and phenyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   Z is selected from a bond, —NHC(O)—, —NH—, —C(O)NH—, and        —NHC(O)NH—.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein:

-   -   R⁷ is selected from Cl, Br, NR^(7a)R^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d),        NHC(O)NHR^(7a), OCF₃, and CF₃;    -   R^(7a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl,        cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl;    -   R^(7d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, and t-butyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compoundof formula (II)

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:

-   -   Z is selected from —NH—, —NHC(O)—, and —C(O)NH—.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compoundof formula (II-a)

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:

-   -   Z is selected from —NH—, —NHC(O)—, and —C(O)NH—.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compoundof formula (II-b)

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:

-   -   Z is selected from —NH—, —NHC(O)—, and —C(O)NH—.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel compounds offormula (I), wherein the compound is selected from the compounds of thetables and examples.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to apharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of chemokine or chemokine receptor activity comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of CCR-2 receptor activity comprising administering to apatient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and MCP-4, and MCP-5 activity that ismediated by the CCR2 receptor comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of MCP-1 activity comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forinhibiting CCR2 and CCR5 activity comprising administering to a patientin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofFormula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating disorders, comprising administering to a patient in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I),said disorders being selected from osteoarthritis, aneurism, fever,cardiovascular effects, Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure,autoimmune diseases, HIV-infection, HIV-associated dementia, psoriasis,idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, transplant arteriosclerosis, physically-or chemically-induced brain trauma, inflammatory bowel disease,alveolitis, colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotoxic serumnephritis, glomerularnephritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis,artherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, restinosis, organtransplantation, and cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating disorders, of Formula (I), wherein said disorders beingselected from psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, transplantarteriosclerosis, physically- or chemically-induced brain trauma,inflammatory bowel disease, alveolitis, colitis, systemic lupuserythematosus, nephrotoxic serum nephritis, glomerularnephritis, asthma,multiple sclerosis, artherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis,restinosis, organ transplantation, and cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating disorders, of Formula (I), wherein said disorders beingselected from alveolitis, colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus,nephrotoxic serum nephritis, glomerularnephritis, asthma, multiplesclerosis, artherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, restinosis, organtransplantation, and cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating disorders, of Formula (I), wherein said disorders beingselected from asthma, multiple sclerosis, artherosclerosis, andrheumatoid arthritis.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating disorders, of Formula (I), wherein said disorders beingselected from restinosis, organ transplantation, and cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating atherosclerosis, comprising administering to a patient in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating asthma, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating restinosis, comprising administering to a patient in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating organ transplantation, comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod fortreating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective-amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating inflammatory diseases, comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating inflammatory diseases which are at least partially mediated byCCR-2, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of CCR2 activity comprising administering to a patient inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method formodulation of MIP-1β and RANTES activity that is mediated by the CCR5receptor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed the use of acompound of Formula (I) in the preparation of a medicament for thetreatment of osteoarthritis, aneurism, fever, cardiovascular effects,Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure, autoimmune diseases,HIV-infection, HIV-associated dementia, psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis, transplant arteriosclerosis, physically- or chemically-inducedbrain trauma, inflammatory bowel disease, alveolitis, colitis, systemiclupus erythematosus, nephrotoxic serum nephritis, glomerularnephritis,asthma, multiple sclerosis, artherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compoundof formula (I) for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, ring B is selected from

ring B being optionally substituted with 0-1 R⁵.

In another embodiment, ring B is selected from

In another embodiment, ring B is selected from

ring B being substituted with 0-

In another embodiment, ring B is

ring B being substituted with 0-1 R⁵.

In another embodiment, ring B is

In another embodiment, ring B is selected from

each substituted with 1-2 R⁵, and

each being substituted with 0-1

In another embodiment, ring B is selected from each substituted with 1-2R⁵, and

each being substituted with 0-1 R⁵.

In another embodiment, Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—,—NR⁸C(O)NH—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —(CR¹⁵R¹⁵)₁—, —CR¹⁵R⁵C(O)—, —C(O)CR¹⁵R¹⁵—,—O—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—O—, —O—, —NR⁹—, —NR⁹—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—NR⁹—,—S(O)_(p)—, —S(O)_(p)—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, and —S(O)_(p)—NR⁹—.

In another embodiment, Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NH—, —NR⁹—, and —C(O)NR⁸—.

In another embodiment, Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —C(O)NH—,and —NR⁹—,.

In another embodiment, Z is —C(O)NR⁸—.

In another embodiment, Z is —NR⁸C(O)—.

In another embodiment, Z is —NR⁹—.

In another embodiment, Z is selected from a bond, and —NHC(O)—;

In another embodiment, Z is a bond; and R² is a 5-10 membered heteroarylsystem containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N. O, and S, substitutedwith 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl is selected from indolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl,indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl,phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, andtetrazolyl.

In another embodiment, Z is a —NR⁹—; and R² is a 5-10 memberedheteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl is selected from indolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl,indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl,phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, andtetrazolyl, triazinyl, picolinyl, isonicotinyl.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl,C₃₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(q)OH, (CHR)_(s)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d),(CHR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CHR)_(q)C(O)OH,(CHR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CHR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CHR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CHR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),(CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CHR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CHR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),(CHR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CHR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b); and

-   -   R, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl,        ethyl, propyl, allyl, propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(6e).

In another embodiment, R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CRR)_(q)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH,(CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b).

-   -   R^(4b) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl; and    -   R^(4d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(4b).

In another embodiment, R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl,C₃₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d),(CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH,(CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b).

In another embodiment, R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH,(CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a),(CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b),(CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b);

-   -   R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with        0-3 R^(4e) wherein C₂₋₆ alkyl is selected from ethyl, propyl,        i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl, and a        (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e)        wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl,        cyclohexyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(4b) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl,        butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(4d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, R^(4e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br,I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(4f)R^(4f), —C(O)R^(4i), —C(O)OR^(4j),—C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —OC(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h),—NR^(4h)C(O)OR^(4j), C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R⁴k, NHSO₂R^(4k),(CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl.

In another embodiment, R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selectedfrom H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl,propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b),and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

-   -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl.

In another embodiment, R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selectedfrom H, OH, OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),and (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d).

In another embodiment, R⁵ is NR^(5a)R^(5a).

In another embodiment, R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selectedfrom H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl,propynyl, F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),(CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenylsubstituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclicsystem containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substitutedwith 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected frompyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl; and

-   -   R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl.

In another embodiment, R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selectedfrom methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl,F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b),and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected frompyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.

In another embodiment, R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selectedfrom F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclicsystem containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substitutedwith 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected frompyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.

In another embodiment, R^(5e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN,NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl,(CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHR^(5h), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NHR^(5h),(CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO2—R^(5h), NHSO₂R^(5h), a(CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from N, O, and S, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl.

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynylsubstituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶,wherein the aryl group is selected from phenyl and napthyl, and a 5-10membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶, wherein the heteroaryl is selectedfrom indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl,imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl,isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl,pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl.

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith 0-3 R⁶ wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶.

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynylsubstituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, and a5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected fromN, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶;

-   -   with the proviso that R¹ is not —CH₂S(O)₂—R^(1a),        —CH₂S(O)₂—R^(1a), —NHC(O)—R^(1a), —NHC(O)NH—R^(1a),        —NHCH₂—R^(1a), —SO₂NH—R^(1a), —NHSO₂NH—R^(1a), when R^(1a) is        equal to aryl or heteraryl; (with the proviso that the compounds        of the present invention are not those as defined in U.S. patent        application Ser. No. 10/027,644, filed Dec. 20, 2001 (docket        number PH7268), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/383,391,        filed Mar. 7, 2003 (PH7369), U.S. Provisional Patent Application        60/446,850, filed Feb. 12, 2002 (PH7442), and U.S. Provisional        Patent Application 60/467,003, filed May 1, 2003 (PH7470); and    -   R⁵ is NR^(5a)R^(5a).

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith 0-1 R⁶, —C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith 0-3 R⁶ wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶,C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶;

In another embodiment, R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2R⁷, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein theheteroaryl is selected from benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl,benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl,cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinylisothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl,thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl.

In another embodiment, R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2R⁷.

In another embodiment, R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2R⁷, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein theheteroaryl is selected from indolyl, naphthalenyl, phthalazinyl,cinnolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and quinazolinyl,benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, and benzisothiazolyl.

In another embodiment, Z is a bond and R² is selected from a 5-10membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl is selectedfrom indolyl, naphthalenyl, phthalazinyl, cinnolinyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and quinazolinyl, benzimidazolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, and benzisothiazolyl.

In another embodiment, R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2R⁷, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein theheteroaryl system is selected from from quinazolinyl, triazinyl,pyrimidinyl, picolinyl, isonicotinyl, furanyl, indolyl, pyridinyl,pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, and isoxazolyl.

In another embodiment, R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CR′R′)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br,I, F, NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CRR)_(r)OH,(CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H,(CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH,(CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),(CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),(CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b),(CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and(CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected from N,O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e);

-   -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl,        pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;    -   alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are        attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1        additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the        heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl,        piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl.

In another embodiment, R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CHR′)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I,F, NO₂, CN, (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)OH, (CHR′)_(r)OR^(6d),(CHR′)_(r)SH, (CHR′)_(r)C(O)H, (CHR′)_(r)SR^(6d), (CHR′)_(r)C(O)OH,(CHR′)_(r)C(O)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)C(O)OR^(6d),(CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CHR′)_(r)OC(O)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b),(CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)S (O) ₂R^(6b),(CHR′)_(r)NR^(6f)S (O) 2 NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and(CHR′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, F, Cl, Br, I, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d),C(O)R^(6d), SR^(6d), NR^(6a)R^(6a), C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), NC(O)R^(6b),OC(O)R^(6b), S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), and CF₃;

-   -   R^(6a) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, and phenyl;    -   alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are        attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1        additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the        heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl,        piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;    -   R^(6b) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl or butyl;    -   R^(6d) is methyl, phenyl, CF₃, and (CH₂)-phenyl.

In another embodiment, R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I,F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(6d),(CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,(CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(6d),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b),(CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂R^(6b),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂ NR^(6a)R⁶a, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CHR′)_(r)phenylsubstituted with 0-3 R^(6e).

In another embodiment, R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I,F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OH,(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(SH, (CH) ₂)_(r)C(O)H,(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,(CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a),(CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CCH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂ NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenylsubstituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclicsystem containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substitutedwith 0-2 R^(6e), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected fromaziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl;

-   -   R^(6a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl,        pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;    -   R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl,. butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl;    -   R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl;    -   R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl.

In another embodiment, R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br,I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), C(O)NHR^(6h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl,(CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h), NHSO₂R^(6h),(CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 memberedheterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, andS.

In another embodiment, R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH,(CH₂)_(r)O(CH)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H,(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,(CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d),(CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)p(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b),(CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆haloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e);

-   -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and        cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and        cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and        cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH,        (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and        (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; and    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl.

In another embodiment, R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂,NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b), NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d),CF₃, OCF₃, C(O)R^(7b), NR^(7f)C(O)NHR^(7a), and NHS(O)₂R^(7b).

In another embodiment, R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂,NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b), NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d),CF₃, OCF₃, C(O)OR^(7d), C(O)R^(7b), NR^(7f)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),NHS(O)₂R^(7b),

In another embodiment, R^(7a) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl;

-   -   R^(7b) is selected from cyclohexyl and CF₃; and    -   R^(7d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl,        i-butyl, and t-butyl.

In another embodiment, R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH,(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H,(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH,(CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d),(CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d),(CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, adamantyl, and(CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e) and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 memberedheterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, andS, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), wherein the heterocyclic system isselected from thienyl, pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, and tetrazolyl;

-   -   R^(7a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        prop-2-enyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,        cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, CH₂cyclopropyl, and benzyl;    -   R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, CH₂-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,        CH₂-cyclohexyl, CF₃, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperizenyl        substituted with 0-1 R^(7e), and azetidinyl;    -   R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃,        CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl,        t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclopropyl;    -   R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I,        CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, OH,        SH, C(O)OH, C(O)NHR^(7h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl,        (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(7h), NHSO₂R^(7h),        and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl, (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl;    -   R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,        propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,        cyclopropyl, and phenyl.

In another embodiment, R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from methyl,ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl,hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN,(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH,(CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(7b),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)R^(7b),(CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)OR^(7d),(CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a),(CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂R^(7b), C₁₋₂haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r) adamantyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e),wherein the heterocyclic ring is selected from thiophenyl, pyridinyl,benzothiazolyl, and tetrazolyl.

In another embodiment, R⁸ is H.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ and R¹² are H.

In another embodiment, ring B is substituted with at least one R⁵ whichis —NR^(5a)R^(5a).

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention alsoencompasses all combinations of alternative aspects of the inventionnoted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of thepresent invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodimentto describe additional embodiments of the present invention.Furthermore, any elements of an embodiment are meant to be combined withany and all other elements from any of the embodiments to describeadditional embodiments.

Definitions

The compounds herein described may have asymmetric centers. Compounds ofthe present invention containing an asymmetrically substituted atom maybe isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known inthe art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution ofracemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials.Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like canalso be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stableisomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and transgeometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention aredescribed and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separatedisomeric forms. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and allgeometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless thespecific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated.

One enantiomer of a compound of Formula I may display superior activitycompared with the other. Thus, all of the stereochemistries areconsidered to be a part of the present invention. When required,separation of the racemic material can be achieved by HPLC using achiral column or by a resolution using a resolving agent such ascamphonic chloride as in Steven D. Young, et al, Antimicrobial Agentsand Chemotheraphy, 1995, 2602-2605.

The term “substituted,” as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogens on the designated atom or ring is replaced with a selectionfrom the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's or ringatom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution resultsin a stable compound. When a substitent is keto (i.e., ═O), then 2hydrogens on the atom are replaced.

When any variable (e.g., R¹⁰) occurs more than one time in anyconstituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrenceis independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, forexample, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R¹⁰, then saidgroup may optionally be substituted with up to two R¹⁰ groups and R¹⁰ ateach occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R¹⁰.Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible onlyif such combinations result in stable compounds.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting twoatoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom on thering. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via whichsuch substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a givenformula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in suchsubstituent. Combinations of substituents and/or variables arepermissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

As used herein, “C₁₋₈ alkyl” is intended to include both branched andstraight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having thespecified number of carbon atoms, examples of which include, but are notlimited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl,sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. C₁₋₈ alkyl, is intended toinclude C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, and C₈ alkyl groups. “Alkenyl” isintended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branchedconfiguration and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which mayoccur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl, propenyl,and the like. “Alkynyl” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains ofeither a straight or branched configuration and one or more unsaturatedtriple carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along thechain, such as ethynyl, propynyl, and the like. “C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl” isintended to include saturated ring groups having the specified number ofcarbon atoms in the ring, including mono- , bi- , or poly-cyclic ringsystems, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, andcycloheptyl in the case of C₇ cycloalkyl. C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, is intendedto include C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ cycloalkyl groups

“Halo” or “halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, andiodo; and “haloalkyl” is intended to include both branched andstraight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, for example CF₃,having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or morehalogen (for example—C_(v)F_(w) where v=1 to 3 and w=1 to (2v+1)).

As used herein, the term “5-6-membered cyclic ketal” is intended to mean2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dioxolane or 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dioxane andtheir derivatives.

As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic residue” is intended tomean any stable 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13-membered bicyclic or tricyclic, any of which maybe saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic. Examples of suchcarbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,;[3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane(decalin), [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl,adamantyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin).

As used herein, the term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic system” isintended to mean a stable 5, 6, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or7, 8, 9, or 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated,partially unsaturated or unsaturated (aromatic), and which consists ofcarbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected fromthe group consisting of N, NH, O and S and including any bicyclic groupin which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to abenzene ring. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally beoxidized. The heterocyclic ring may optionally include a —C(O)—,carbonyl. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group atany heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. Theheterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on anitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. If specificallynoted, a nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. Itis preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in theheterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to oneanother. As used herein, the term “aromatic heterocyclic system, or,heteroaryl” is intended to mean a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic orbicyclic or 7- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring whichconsists of carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heterotams independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, O and S and is aromatic innature.

Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole,2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 1H-indolyl,4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl,carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, β-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl,cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl,indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl,isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl (benzimidazolyl), isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl,morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl,1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl,1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl,phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl,piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl,purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl,pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl,thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and xanthenyl. In another aspect of theinvention, the heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl,thiophenyl, furanyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiaphenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoidolyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl,4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pyrrazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl,tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrimidinyl. Alsoincluded are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, theabove heterocycles.

Examples of heteroaryls are 1H-indazole, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,indolyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl,carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, β-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl,cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl,indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl,isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl (benzimidazolyl), isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl,morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl,1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl,1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl,phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl,piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl,purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl,pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl,thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and xanthenyl. In another aspect of theinvention, examples of heteroaryls are indolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl,benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl,isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl,pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl.

As used herein, the term “cyclic acetal” or or the phrase when twovariables “join to form a cyclic acetal” is intended to mean thesubstituent —O—CH₂—O—.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivativesof the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified bymaking acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organicacid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts ofacidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. Thepharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxicsalts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed,for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example,such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganicacids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric,nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such asacetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric,citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic,benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric,toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic,and the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can besynthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidicmoiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can beprepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds witha stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or inan organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueousmedia like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrileare preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.,1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities ofpharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc .. . ) the compounds of the present invention may be delivered in prodrugform. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover prodrugs of thepresently claimed compounds, methods of delivering the same andcompositions containing the same. “Prodrugs” are intended to include anycovalently bonded carriers which release an active parent drug of thepresent invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to amammalian subject. Prodrugs the present invention are prepared bymodifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way thatthe modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or invivo, to the parent compound. Prodrugs include compounds of the presentinvention wherein a hydroxy, amino, or sulfhydryl group is bonded to anygroup that, when the prodrug of the present invention is administered toa mammalian subject, it cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, orfree sulfhydryl group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, butare not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcoholand amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate acompound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a usefuldegree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent. The present invention is intended toembody stable compounds.

“Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of acompound of the present invention alone or an amount of the combinationof compounds claimed or an amount of a compound of the present inventionin combination with other active ingredients effective to inhibit MCP-1or effective to treat or prevent inflammatory disorders.

As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” cover the treatment of adisease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a)preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular,when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yetbeen diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e.,arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, i.e.,causing regression of the disease state.

Synthesis

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number ofways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Thecompounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methodsdescribed below, together with synthetic methods known in the art ofsynthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated bythose skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limitedto, those described below. All references cited herein are herebyincorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

The novel compounds of this invention may be prepared using thereactions and techniques described in this section. The reactions areperformed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employedand are suitable for the transformations being effected. Also, in thedescription of the synthetic methods described below, it is to beunderstood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice ofsolvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of theexperiment and work up procedures, are chosen to be the conditionsstandard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by oneskilled in the art. It is understood by one skilled in the art oforganic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions ofthe molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reactionsproposed. Such restrictions to the substituents which are compatiblewith the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled inthe art and alternate methods must then be used. This will sometimesrequire a judgment to modify the order of the synthetic steps or toselect one particular process scheme over another in order to obtain adesired compound of the invention. It will also be recognized thatanother major consideration in the planning of any synthetic route inthis field is the judicious choice of the protecting group used forprotection of the reactive functional groups present in the compoundsdescribed in this invention. An authoritative account describing themany alternatives to the trained practitioner is Greene and Wuts(Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, Wiley and Sons, 1999).

Chemokine antagonists can be derived from compounds of formula 1.1, asshown in Schemes 1-6; the synthesis of compounds of formula 1.1 isdescribed in Scheme 7 and the accompanying text. Compounds of formula1.5, which contain a four-membered lactam, are derived from compounds offormula 1.1 as shown in Scheme 1. Deprotection, peptide coupling withthe known serine derivative 1.2, and cyclization under Mitsonobuconditions (see G M Salituro and C A Townsend J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990,112, 760-770) provides the beta-lactam 1.4 from carbamate 1.1. Removalof the Ox protecting group (see G M Salituro and C A Townsend J. Am.Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 760-770) provides a primary amine, which can beconjugated in a variety of ways well known to one skilled in the art(see also Scheme 4 and accompanying text).

Compounds of formula 2.4, which contain a five-membered lactam, aresynthesized as shown in Scheme 2. Acid-mediated Boc removal, peptidecoupling with the known methionine derivative 2.1, sulfur alkylation,and intramolecular amide alkylation under basic conditions (NaH may alsobe used, see Freidinger et al., J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 104) providesthe gamma-lactam 2.3 from carbamate 1.1. Removal of the protecting groupprovides a primary amine, which can be conjugated in a variety of wayswell known to one skilled in the art (see also Scheme 4 and accompanyingtext).

Compounds of formula 3.4, which contain a six-membered lactam, aresynthesized as shown in Scheme 3. Acid-mediated Boc removal, reductiveamination with the known glutamic acid derivative 3.1 (X. Zhang, W. Han,WO PCT 0164678, 2001), ester hydrolysis, and intramolecular amideformation provides the delta-lactam 3.3 from carbamate 1.1. Removal ofthe protecting group provides a primary amine, which can be conjugatedin a variety of ways well known to one skilled in the art (see alsoScheme 4 and accompanying text).

Lactams of formula 4.1 can be made from compounds such as 1.4, 2.3, and3.3 (deprotection and optional reductive amination to install R⁸).Variants of 4.1 with R¹⁰ substituents can be made through synthesesanalogous to those shown in Scheme 1-3 simply through substitution ofthe appropriate R¹⁰-substituted starting materials. Derivitization ofamines of formula 4.1 can be accomplished through a number ofconventional methods to form chemokine receptor antagonists; some ofthese methods are illustrated in Scheme 4. Thus, amide bond formationgives compounds 4.2, reductive amination gives compounds 4.3, andreaction with an isocyanate gives compounds 4.4. Alternatively, amine4.1 can be arylated (see D. Zim & S. L. Buchwald, Organic Letters 2003,5, 2413 and T. Wang, D. R. Magnia, & L. G. Hamann, ibid, 897, andreferences cited therein) to give compound 4.5. Alternatively, amine 4.1can be arylated with iminoyl chlorides to give 4.6.

The combination of the chemistry illustrated in Schemes 1-4 can producea large number of chemokine receptor antagonists. Conceptually-relatedantagonists can be produced using the chemistry shown in Scheme 5. Thus,deprotection of 1.1 and reductive amination with aldehyde 5.1 (derivedfrom dimethyl malonate via alkylation and ozonolysis) gives compound5.2, which can be cyclized to 5.3 with base. Hydrolysis of the methylester provides an acid which can be coupled with amines to givecompounds of interest with formula 5.4. If R² is appropriatelyfunctionalized, compounds of formula 5.4 can be cyclized to giveheterocycles of formula 5.5 (K. Takeuchi et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2000, 2347; G. Nawwar et al. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2200;T. Hisano et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 2996). Other heterocycles (seeformula 5.6) can be made from compounds of formula 5.4 through methodswell known to one skilled in the art (see T. L. Gilchrist, HeterocyclicChemistry, Longman Scientific & Technical, 1985).

Other chemistry can produce conceptually related chemokine antagonists.For example, as shown in Scheme 6, compounds of formula 1.1 are readilydeprotected and conjugated with compounds of formula 6.1 in methanol via1,4-addition. The resultant ketone 6.2 may be homologated to 6.3(isomers are separated via chromatography), which is in turn deprotectedand cyclized to give compounds of interest of formula 6.4.

Given the availability of the chemistry described above in Schemes 1-6,all that remains is to describe the synthesis of compounds of formula1.1. Compounds of formula 1.1 may sometimes be derived in a trivialfashion from manipulation of commercially available cyclic amines (notabene: although amines of formula 1.1 are shown with Cbz protection, theymay synthesized with alternative protecting groups or in unprotectedform; only minor adjustments to the chemistry of Schemes 1 and 2 wouldneed be made in this instance). In other instances, they are readilyderived from commercially available ketones of general formula 7.1, asshown in Scheme 7. These ketones may be alpha-functionalized (as welldocumented in the synthetic literature; enantioselective variants ofthis alkylation are available) to give compounds of formula 7.2. In someinstances (El=halide, hydroxyl or azide), these compounds may beelaborated further (through nucleophilic or electrophilic displacementchemistry, making recourse to protecting groups where necessary) to givecompounds of formula 7.3, which may be transformed through reductiveamination and protection (see note above) to give compounds of formula7.4 (a variant of 1.1). If R¹ is a carbon-connected linker, a convenientmethod for compound synthesis is shown in the enantioselectivetransformation of 7.2 (El=CO₂R) to 7.6 via enamine 7.5 (C. Cimarelli, etal, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5557 and Y. Hayashi, et al., J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1996, 118, 5502). Elaboration to 7.4 (a derivative of formula 1.1)may proceed directly from 7.6 or via initial epimerization to 7.7.

Other methods for the synthesis of 1,2-diaminocarbo- and heterocycles(see R. Cherney WO-PCT 02/060859) and the synthesis of2-aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acids do exist (reviewed in Ference Fulop,Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2181; see also J. Duan, et al. WO-01/70673 and SooS. Ko, et al. WO-02/02525). In particular, 2-aminocycloalkanecarboxylicacids (and their heterocyclic varients) are versatile precursors ofcompounds of formula 1.1, because the carboxylic acid can be derivatizedto a wide variety of R¹ groups through addition reactions, amideformation, Wittig extension, reduction and alcohol derivitization,reduction and then reductive amination, Curtius rearrangement, and soforth. In instances where the cycloalkyl group contains a pendantolefin, the carboxylic acid can also serve to relay stereochemicalinformation and allow for further functionalization of the ring, so asto provide for the stereoselective installation of R⁵. This chemistryhas been generally described in the literature (Ference Fulop, Chem.Rev. 2001, 101, 2181); specific examples of this strategy are describedin the Examples section (vide infra). When these methods are consideredalong those highlighted in Scheme 7, it is apparent that a large numberof compounds of formula 1.1 can be synthesized.

One diastereomer of a compound of Formula I may display superioractivity compared with the others. Thus, while not limiting theinvention, the following stereochemistries are examples ofstereochemistries that are considered to be a part of the presentinvention.

Additional stereoisomers are envisioned based on the schematic shownbelow. The examples illustrated here are limited to ring B being acyclohexyl ring. Additional ring systems are possible and thereforeadditional stereolsomers are envisioned. The compounds of the presentinvention may also exist in additional stereoisomers which are not shownherein.

When required, separation of the racemic material can be achieved byHPLC using a chiral column or by a resolution using a resolving agentsuch as camphonic chloride as in Wilen, S. H. Tables of Resolving Agentsand Optical Resolutions 1972, 308 pp or using enantiomerically pureacids and bases. A chiral compound of Formula I may also be directlysynthesized using a chiral catalyst or a chiral ligand, e.g., Jacobsen,E. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 421-431 or using other enantio- anddiastereo-selective reactions and reagents known to one skilled in theart of asymmetric synthesis.

Copending patent applications, all filed on Aug. 19, 2004, discloseadditional chemokine receptor, antagonists. These applications arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: “N-ALKYLATEDDIAMINOPROPANE DERIVATIVES AS MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTORACTIVITY”, Attorney Docket number PH7508; “LACTAMS OF ALYKLATED ACYCLICDIAMINE DERIVATIVES AS MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY”,Attorney Docket number 10022; and “SUBSTITUTED CYCLOALKYLAMINEDERIVATIVES AS MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY”, AttorneyDocket number 10023.

Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course ofthe following descriptions of exemplary embodiments that are given forillustration of the invention and are not intended to be limitingthereof.

EXAMPLES

Unless otherwise indicated, it may be assumed that reactions are rununder inert atmosphere (N₂ or Ar gas). Abbreviations used in theExamples are defined as follows: “1×” for once, “₂ ×” for twice, “3 ×”for thrice, “° C” for degrees Celsius, “eq” for equivalent orequivalents, “g” for gram or grams, “mg” for milligram or milligrams,“mL” for milliliter or milliliters, “¹H” for proton, “h” for hour orhours, “M” for molar, “min” for minute or minutes, “MHz” for megahertz,“MS” for mass spectroscopy, “NMR” for nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy, “rt” for room temperature, “tlc” for thin layerchromatography, “v/v” for volume to volume ratio. “α”, “β”, “R” and “S”are stereochemical designations familiar to those skilled in the art.“RP-HPLC” refers to reverse-phase high performance liquidchromatography. Chromatographic methods are not typically specified,given that many different methods will perform equally well; gradientelution using acid-doped MeOH/water or acid-doped acetonitrile/waterwere typically utilized. Products were often obtained as acid saltsafter RP-HPLC; if desired, their parent free base can be derived throughdissolution in aqueous base and extraction with organic solvents, aswill be obvious to one skilled in the art. Chemical names were derivedusing ChemDraw Ultra, version 8.0.8 (May 2004). When this program failedto provide a name for the exact structure in question, an appropriatename was assigned using the same methodology utilized by the program.

Preparation of Non-standard Reagents and Synthetic IntermediatesUtilized in the Examples

Preparation A1: Synthesis ofBenzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester

Preparation A1, Step 1:(1S,2R)-cis-2-Methoxycarbonyl-cyclohex-4-ene-1-carboxylic acid (66.0 g,see Bolm et al. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6984-6991) was dissolved in dryacetone (815 mL) prior to the addition of triethylamine (43.4 g). Thissolution was cooled to 0° C. and ethyl chloroformate (46.7 g) was added.The resulting solution was stirred 1 h before NaN₃ (35.0 g) was added.The cooling bath was removed, and the reaction was warmed to rtovernight. All solid material was removed by filtration, and thesolution was partially concentrated. Water was slowly added and theorganic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ether.The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine before theywere dried, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting oil (66.1 g) wasdissolved in benzene (800 mL) and was warmed to a gentle reflux. After 4h, the solution was cooled back to rt. Benzyl alcohol (37.5 g) andp-TsOH (1.5 g) were added, and the solution was warmed back to a gentlereflux overnight. After cooling to rt, the reaction was washed withNaHCO₃ and brine, dried, filtered, and concentrated to give(1R,6S)-6-benzyloxycarbonylamino-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid methylester (97.7 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=290.2.

Preparation A1, Step 2: A sample of(1R,6S)-6-benzyloxycarbonylamino-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid methylester (91.4 g) was dissolved in MeOH (500 mL) prior to the dropwiseaddition of NaOH (25.3 g) in water (95 mL). After 3 h, the solution waspartially concentrated and an Et₂O/water mixture was added. The aqueouslayer was separated and was acidified (pH˜2) with concentrated HCl. Theresulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layerswere washed with water and brine before they were dried, filtered, andconcentrated to give(1R,6S)-6-benzyloxycarbonylamino-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (72.7 g).MS found: (M+H)⁺=276.2.

Preparation A1, Step 3: A sample of(1R,6S)-6-benzyloxycarbonylamino-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (72 g)was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (750 mL) prior to the addition of CDI (50.9 g).After 2.5 h water was added, and the solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂.The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated. Theresulting material was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and ammonia gas was bubbledthrough the solution for 1.5 h. After stirring overnight, the majorityof the solvent was removed and Et₂O was added. The product precipitatedas a white solid and was collected to give(1R,6S)-6-carbamoyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (61.5g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=275.3.

Preparation A1, Step 4: A sample of(1R,6S)-6-carbamoyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (30.7 g)was dissolved in THF (1100 mL) and NMP (220 mL). At −78° C., 2.3M n-BuLi(96.3 mL) was added dropwise. After 2 h, a solution of Boc₂O (24.4 g) inTHF (40 mL) was added dropwise. This solution was stirred 1.2 h beforeit was quenched with a saturated NH₄Cl solution. Water and Et₂O wereadded. The organic layer was filtered then washed with water, brine,dried, filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the resultingresidue gave(1R,6S)-(6-tert-butoxycarbonylaminocarbonyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-carbamicacid benzyl ester (29.2 g). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=397.4.

Preparation A1, Step 5: A sample of(1R,6S)-(6-tert-butoxycarbonyl-aminocarbonyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-carbamicacid benzyl ester (29.0 g) was dissolved in THF (1290 mL). This wascooled in an ice/brine bath prior to the addition of n-BuLi (1.5 mL,2.4M). After 30 min, iodine (59.0 g) was added in a single portion. Thebath was removed, and the reaction was warmed to rt overnight. Theresulting solution was quenched with saturated thiosulfate solution.Water and EtOAc were added. The organic layer was washed with water,brine, dried, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting slurry wasdiluted with Et₂O and(1R,2S,4S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-iodo-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (22.8 g) was collected by vacuum filtration. MSfound: (M−C₅H₈O₂+H)⁺=401.1.

Preparation A1, Step 6: A sample of(1R,2S,4S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-iodo-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (43.3 g) was dissolved in benzene (580 mL) priorto the addition of Bu₃SnH (27.8 g) and AIBN (0.7 g). The resultingmixture was warmed to a gentle reflux for 3 h. After cooling, thesolvent was removed and hexane was added. The resulting white solid wascollected by vacuum filtration to give the title compound,(1R,2S,5R)-2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (29.5 g). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=397.4.

Preparation A2: Synthesis of7-Oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was prepared using the method of Suga (H. Suga etal., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11197-98) from the known1S,2R-cis-2-methoxycarbonyl-cyclohex-4-ene-1-carboxylic acid (see: Bolmet al., J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6984-6991).

Preparation A3: Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate

Preparation A3, Step 1: (1R,2S,5R)-Tert-butyl2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(4.0 g) in MeOH (30 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (600 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 3 h and then filtered and concentrated to provide(1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-amino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate (2.5 g). MS(ES+)=241.1 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation A3, Step 2: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-amino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate (2.5 g) wasdissolved in DMF (34 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition ofN-Cbz methionine (5.3 g), 4-methyl morpholine (3.7 g), and BOP (8.3 g).The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitioned betweenEtOAc and 1N HCl solution. The organic phases were combined, washed withsaturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford(1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(5.1 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=506.2.

Preparation A3, Step 3: (1R,2S,5R)-Tert-butyl2-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(5.1 g) was dissolved in iodomethane (40 mL). The resulting solution wasstirred at rt for 12 h before being concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas dissolved in methylene chloride, and the resulting solution wasconcentrated; this was repeated to afford the salt. This material wasdissolved in DMF (30 mL) and the solution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (6.6g). After 12 h, the reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and brine.The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Theresulting residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford(1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(2.0 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=458.6.

Preparation B1: Synthesis of2-(3-ethylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid Preparation B1, Step1: N-Boc 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (S. Takagishi, et al.,Synlett 1992, 360; 5.1 g, 17 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (42 mL) and thesolution was charged with allyl bromide (3.8 mL, 44 mmol) and potassiumcarbonate (3.4 g, 25 mmol). The slurry was stirred for 14 h at RT,diluted with EtOAc, and washed successively with brine, water, andbrine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo to provide the allyl ester as a white solid. This material wasdissolved in methylene chloride (30 mL) and TFA (15 mL) and stirred atRT for 2 h before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolvedin methylene chloride and the solution was concentrated in vacuo; thisprocedure was repeated twice to provide the presumed TFA salt of allyl2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate. MS found: (free M+H)⁺=246.29.

Preparation B1, Step 2: The allyl 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoatefrom step 1 (ca. 15.7 mmol) was dissolved in THF (60 mL) and phosgene(24.9 mL, 47 mmol) was added at 0° C. dropwise. The reaction was stirredfor 15 minutes at 0° C. Triethylamine (13.1 mL, 94 mmol) was slowlyadded and stirring was continued for 2 hours. The reaction wasconcentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow solid. A portion (2.4 g, ca.7.7 mmol) of the yellow solid was dissolved in THF (40 mL) and thesolution was charged with ethylamine (20 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF).The reaction was stirred for 14 h at RT and then diluted with EtOAc. Theorganic phase was washed successively with 1N HCl (2×) and brine (1×)before being dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to giveallyl 2-(3-ethylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate-as a white solid(1.8 g). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=339.29.

Preparation B1, Step 3: The allyl2-(3-ethylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (1.8 g, ca. 5.7 mmol) wasdissolved in acetonitrile (50 mL) The solution was charged withpyrrolidine (1.0 mL, 12 mmol) and Ph(PPh₃)₄ (140 mg, 0.17 mmol) and thenstirred for 2 h at RT before being concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas diluted with EtOAc and this was washed successively with 1N HCl (2×)and brine (1×) before being dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was triturated with methylene chloride to affordpure 2-(3-ethylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (0.89 g). ¹H-NMR(300 MHz, d₄-MeOH) : δ 8.59 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 8.26 (d, 1 H, J=1.5 Hz),7.72 (dd, 1 H, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz), 3.23 (q, 2 H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.17 (t, 3 H,J=7.2 Hz).

Preparation B2: Synthesis of2-(isopropylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

The complete three-step procedure described in Preparation B1 wasfollowed, substituting isopropylamine for ethylamine in Step 2 toprovide the title compound. MS found: (M−H)−=289.

Preparation B3: Synthesis of2-(azetidine-1-carboxamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

The complete three-step procedure described in Preparation B1 wasfollowed, substituting azetidine for ethylamine in Step 2 to provide thetitle compound. MS found: (M−H)−=287.

Preparation B4: Synthesis of2-(cyclopropylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

The complete three-step procedure described in Preparation B1 wasfollowed, substituting cyclopropylamine for ethylamine in Step 2 toprovide the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.56 (d, J=9.8 Hz,1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.61 (m, 1H), 0.83 (s,2H), 0.58 (s, 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CD₃OD) δ −61.7.

Preparation B5: Synthesis of2-(methylsulfonamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

Preparation B5, Step 1: To a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine(10.0 g, 0.0617 mol) in dry methanol (200 ml) was added iodinemonochloride (10.49 g, 0.148 mol) in dry MDC (40 ml) at RT slowly.Reaction mixture was stirred at RT over night. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated, water was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine (2×50 ml), driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by columnchromatography using 6% ethyl acetate in pet-ether to get2-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (12.5 g, 70%) as pale yellowliquid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.42 (bs, 2H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.38 (d,1H), 7.87 (s, 1H).

Preparation B5, Step 2: A mixture of2-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (11.0 g, 0.0382 mol), pyridine (40ml), methanesulfonlylchloride (5.3 g, 0.046 mol) and DMAP (0.46 g,0.0038 mol) in a 100 ml RB flask was heated slowly to 105° C. andmaintained the same temperature for over night. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to remove the pyridine. The crude product obtained waspurified by column chromatography using 10% ethyl acetate in pet etheras eluent to get N-(2-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide(4.5 g, 32%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.08 (s, 3H),6.88 (bs, 1H), 7.65 (d, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H).

Preparation B5, Step 3: To a mixture ofN-(2-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide (3.5g, 9.589mmol) dry methanol (30 ml) DMF (30 ml) was added palladium(II)acetate(0.07 g,0.35 mmol), 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphene)ferrocene (0.32 g, 0.577mmol) and TEA (1.96 g, 19.4 mmol) at RT. To that reaction mixture waspurged with carbon monoxide for 30 min at RT. Reaction mixture wasslowly heated to 60° C. and maintained at the same temperature for overnight under carbon monoxide atm. Water was added and the reactionmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The organic layerwas washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The crudeproduct was purified by column chromatography 15% ethyl acetate in petether as eluent to get methyl2-(methylsulfonamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (2.0 g, 70%) as whitesolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 7.78 (d,1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 10.75 (bs, 1H).

Preparation B5, Step 4: To a mixture of methyl2-(methylsulfonamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (1.0 g, 3.367 mmol) inTHF (20 ml) and water (20 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (0.4242 g,10.10 mmol) and stirred at RT for 6 h. The reaction mixture wasacidified with 1.5 N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). Theorganic layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated. The solid was filtered and dried under vaccum to get2-(methylsulfonamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (0.7 g, 73%) aswhite solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.31 (s, 3H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.97(d, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 11.13 (bs, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 40.74,116.5, 118.3, 122.8 (m), 128.8, 131.6, 144.3, 169.1. MS found:(M−H)⁻=282.

Preparation B6: Synthesis of5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzoic acid

Preparation B6, Step 1: To a solution of 4-trifluoromethylaniline (5 g,0.031 mol) in 50 ml of dry benzene was added triethylamine (6.26 g, 8.63ml, 0.06 mol) at 0° C. Pivaloyl chloride (4.5 g, 0.04 mol) was addedslowly and stirred at RT over night. The RM was quenched with water andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water,brine and concentrated. To the solid was triturated with pet-ether andfiltered to give N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-pivalamide (6.7 g) aswhite solid.

Preparation B6, Step 2: To a solution ofN-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pivalamide (1 g, 4.08 mmol) in 20 ml of dryTHF under nitrogen was added n-butyllithium (0.65 g, 4.1 ml) at 0° C.The reaction mixture was maintained at 0° C. for 3 h and added onto dryice and stirred at RT over night. The reaction mixture was concentratedand the solid product obtained was dissolved in 25 ml of dry methanoland purged HCl gas for 30 min at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for2 h and heated at 55° C. over night. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated, basified with sodium bicarbonate solution and extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, brine andconcentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography togive methyl 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (0.55 g) as white solid.

Preparation B6, Step 3: To a solution of methyl2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (0.25 g, 1.141 mmol) andtriethylamine (0.115 g, 0.16 ml, 1.14 mmol) in 3 ml of drydichloromethane was added trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride (0.64 g,2.28 mmol) at −78° C. The mixture was maintained below −40° C. for 3 hand stirred at RT for over night. Water was added and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried and concentrated. Theproduct was purified by flash chromatography to give 0.3 g (75%) ofmethyl 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzoate aswhite solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=352.

Preparation B6, Step 4: To a solution of methyl5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzoate (2.7 g, 7.7mmol) in 55 ml of THF was added lithium hydroxide (0.97 g, 23.1 mmol) in55 ml of water and stirred at RT over night. The reaction mixture wasacidified with 1.5N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was washed with water, brine and concentrated to give5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzoic acid (2 g) aswhite solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 7.77 (m, 2H), 8.18 (s, 1H). MSfound: (M−H)⁻=336.

Preparation B7: Synthesis of5-isopropyl-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzoic acid

The complete four-step procedure described in Preparation B6 wasfollowed, substituting 4-isopropylaniline for 4-trifluoromethylanilinein Step 1 to provide the title compound. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ1.19 (d, 6H), 2.92 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H). MSfound: (M−H)⁻=310.

Preparation C1: Synthesis of 2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid

Preparation C1, Step 1: A 22% solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol (53mL, 165 mmol) was added dropwise to a magnetically stirred suspension oftert-butylcarbamidine hydrochloride (20.0 g, 146 mmol) in ethanol (100mL). When the addition was complete, the yellow suspension was warmed to50° C., the heating mantle was removed, and a solution of mucobromicacid (15.7 g, 61 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added dropwise at a ratewhich did not allow the temperature to exceed 55° C. When this additionwas complete, a 22% solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol (32 mL, 98mmol) was added dropwise, then the mixture was allowed to cool to roomtemperature. The suspension was filtered, the solids were rinsed withethanol (2×20 mL), and the combined filtrates were concentratedin-vacuo. The residue thus obtained was stirred in 2 N aqueous HCl (30mL). The resulting solids were collected by filtration, rinsed withice-cold water (2×20 mL), and air dried to yield 12.1 g of5-Bromo-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid as a beige powder. MS(ES+)=259, 261 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation C1, Step 2: A mixture of5-Bromo-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (1.65 g, 6.37 mmol)and aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 N, 19.1 mL, 19.1 mmol) in methanol(100 ml) was treated with a catalytic amount of 10% palladium on carbon.The mixture was degassed under vacuum/nitrogen, then hydrogenated at 50psi for 2 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration, the methanolwas removed under vacuum, and the aqueous was acidified by the additionof 1.0 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (40 mL). The resulting suspension wasextracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL), the combined organic phases werewashed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in-vacuoto yield 1.06 g of 2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid as a whitepowder. MS (ES+)=181 (M+H+).

Preparation C2: Synthesis of 3-tert-Butyl-benzoic acid

Preparation C2, Step 1: A mixture of the commercially available methyl3-bromo-5-tert-butylbenzoate (700 mg, 2.58 mMol), aqueous NaOH (1 N,7.75 mL, 7.75 mMol), and Pearlman's catalyst (100 mg) in methanol (20mL) was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 22 hours. The catalyst was removed byfiltration and rinsed with a small amount of methanol. The filtrate wasconcentrated in-vacuo to remove methanol, and the aqueous mixture wasacidified with 1 N HCl (10 mL), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, thenconcentrated in-vacuo. Analysis of the resulting material by LC/MSshowed that the ester had hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, but thatthe bromide was still present. The material was dissolved in methanol(20 mL), and hydrogenated overnight at 50 psi in the presence of 1 Naqueous NaOH (5.2 mL, 5.2 mMol) and 10% palladium on activated carbon(50 mg). Analysis of the crude reaction mixture by LC/MS showed that thebromine was still present, so Pearlman's catalyst (200 mg) was added,and hydrogenation at 50 psi was continued for 23 hours. MS showed thatthe reaction was now complete, so the reaction was worked up asdescribed previously in this example to yield 376 mg (81% yield) ofwhite powder as product. MS (AP−)=177 (M−H)

Preparation C3: Synthesis of 6-tert-butylpicolinic acid HCl salt.

Preparation C3, Step 1: 2-tert-butylpyridine (2.00 g, 14.8 mmol, 1 eq.)was dissolved in HOAc (10 mL) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (1.68 mL; 14.8mmol, 1 eq.) at room temperature then the reaction was refluxed for 20hours. The reaction was stripped to obtain an amber oil which wasdissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) then dried over sodium sulfateand stripped to obtain 2-tert-butylpyridine-N-oxide (1.60 g) as an amberoil. Yield=71.5%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=152.09.

Preparation C3, Step 2: 2-tert-butylpyridine-N-oxide (1.60 g, 10.6 mmol,1 eq) was dissolved in methylene chloride (25 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen then trimethylsilyl cyanide (1.79 mL, 13.4 mmol, 1.27eq.) was added followed by the dropwise addition of dimethylcarbamylchloride (1.24 mL, 13.4 mmol, 1.27 eq.) over 3 minutes. Stirred for 20hours. Worked up by adding 10% potassium carbonate (aqueous) (25 mL).Foaming occurred. Stirred 10 minutes then extracted 3 times withmethylene chloride (25 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried oversodium sulfate then stripped to give an amber oil. Purified over silicagel in 3:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained 6-tert-butylpicolinonitrile(1.08 g) as an amber oil. Yield ═59%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=161.14.

Preparation C3, Step 3: 6-tert-butylpicolinonitrile (1.05 g) wasdissolved in 6N HCl (aqueous) at room temperature then refluxed for 20hours. Worked up by stripping 3 times from acetonitrile. Obtainedsolids. The solids were refluxed in 10 mL of acetonitrile. Solids whichdidn't dissolve were filtered off. The filtrate was stripped to give6-tert-butylpicolinic acid HCl salt (680 mg) as a colorless oil.Yield=48%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=180.16.

Preparation C4: Synthesis of 6-(trifluoromethyl)picolinic acid

Preparation C4, Step 1: 2-bromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-pyridine (100 mg,0.44 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in diethyl ether at room temperatureunder nitrogen then cooled to −70° C. Added 1.6M n-Butyllithium inhexanes (0.28 mL, 0.44 mmol, 1 eq.) dropwise via an addition funnel.Stirred at −40° C. for 15 minutes then cooled to 70° C. and bubbled inCO₂ gas for 10 minutes. Allowed to warm to room temperature. Added waterthen rinsed 3 times with diethyl ether. The aqueous pH was adjusted to=3with conc. HCl. Extracted the acidic aqueous layer 3 times with ethylacetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried over sodiumsulfate and stripped to give 6-(trifluoromethyl)picolinic acid (30 mg)as a white solid. Yield=35%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=192.06.

Preparation C5: Synthesis of 3-(adamant-1-yl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid

Preparation C5, Step 1: Ethyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.09 g, 15 mmol, 1eq), was added to a mixture of gallium(III) chloride (2.90 g, 16.5 mmol,1.1 eq) in carbon disulfide (40 mL) and the contents heated at 40° C.for 30 min. Afterwards, 1-chloroadamantane (2.82 g, 16.5 mmol, 1.1 eq),was added thereto and the contents heated for another 40 minutes. Thereaction was poured onto a mixture of ice and 1.0 N HCl, and extractedwith chloroform. The extracts were washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate, dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent stripped to yield a crudesolid. Recrystallization from EtOAc yielded 2 crops of ethyl3-(adamanty-1-yl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylate. 1^(st) crop wt.=0.67 grams.2^(nd) crop wt.=1.10 grams. MS found: (M+H)⁺=274.44 and 274.45,respectively.

Preparation CS, Step 2: Ethyl 3-(adamanty-1-yl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylate(0.29 g, 1.1 mmol, 1 eq), 1.000 N NaOH (2.20 mL, 2.2 mmol, 2 eq) andMeOH (15 mL) were mixed and stirred overnight. After only partialreaction, more 1.000 N NaOH (21 mL) together with more MeOH to dissolvewere added and the contents refluxed for 4 hours. The contents wereacidified to pH=1 with 1.0 N HCl. The MeOH was stripped off to yieldsolids and aqueous. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, the EtOAclayers were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and stripped toyield 250 mg of 3-(adamant-1-yl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid as a whitepowder. MS found: (M+H)+=246.44

Preparation C6: Synthesis of3-(Adamant-1-yl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylic acid

Preparation C6, Step 1. Ethyl 3-(adamant-1-yl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylate(0.20 g, 0.7 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in THF (20 mL). Potassiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.5 M in Tol, 1.62 mL, 0.81 mmol, 1.1 eq) wasadded thereto followed by iodomethane (0.102 mL, 1.6 mmol, 2.2 eq). Thenext day, the same amounts of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide andiodomethane were again added to drive the reaction to completion. In 4h, the reaction was finished. Ethyl acetate was added (100 mL) and theorganic layer was washed with water (2×), brine, dried (MgSO₄) andstripped to yield 600 mg of ethyl3-(adamant-1-yl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylate, which was used as is inthe next step. MS found: (M+H)+=288.16.

Preparation C6, Step 2: Saponification of ethyl3-(adamant-1-yl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylate (entire contents fromStep 1) by the procedure in Preparation C5, step 2 yielded 160 mg of3-(adamant-1-yl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylic acid. MS found:(M−H)+=258.10.

Preparation C7: Synthesis of6-tert-Butyl-4-chloro-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine

Preparation C7, Step 1: Ethyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate (7.24 g, 52 mmol, 1eq), 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (6.18 mL, 57 mmol, 1.1 eq), galliumtrichloride (10.0 g, 57 mMol, 1.1 eq), and carbon disulfide (200 mL)were mixed and refluxed for 45 min. The reaction was poured onto amixture of ice and 1.0 N HCl. The aqueous mixture was extracted withchloroform, the chloroform layer was washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and stripped to yield 9.78 gof a golden oil, which eventually crystallized. Flash chromatographyover silica gel in 9:1 hexane/ethyl acetate yielded 3.62 g of ethyl4-tert-butyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate. MS found: (M−H)+=196.28.

Preparation C7, Step 2: Preparation of monochloramine by the method ofJohn Hynes, Jr., et al., J. Org. Chem ., 2004, 69, 1368: NH₄Cl (3 g, 56mmol, was mixed in ether (110 mL) and cooled to −5° C. ConcentratedNH₄OH (4.7 mL) was then added followed by dropwise addition of bleach(Chlorox, 72 mL) over 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 15minutes, the layers separated and the organic layer washed with brine.The organic layer was dried over powdered CaCl₂ in the freezer for 1 hand used for the subsequent step immediately. Ethyl4-tert-butyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (1.67 g, 8.6 mmol, 1 eq) wasdissolved in DMF. Sodium hydride (60% suspension in oil) (0.41 g, 10mmol, 1.2 eq) was then added thereto cautiously and stirred for 45minutes at RT under nitrogen. Monochloramine was then added (0.15M inether, 68.4 mL, 10 mmol, 1.2 eq). The next morning, the reaction isquenched with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃, diluted with water andextracted into ether. The ether layer is dried, filtered and stripped toyield 3.19 g of ethyl 3-tert-butyl-1-aminopyrrole-5-carboxylate as ayellow oil which eventually crystallized as long needles. MS found:(M+H)+=211.34.

Preparation C7, Step 3: Ethyl 3-tert-butyl-1-aminopyrrole-5-carboxylate(1.00 g, 4.76 mmol, 1 eq), formamidine acetate (1.46 g, 14.3 mmol, 3eq.) and 2-ethoxyethanol (10 mL) were mixed and refluxed for 3 hours.The solvent was stripped and then restripped from chloroform (3×) toyield a solid. This solid was stirred in 5 mL MeOH, filtered, and thecollected solids rinsed with Et₂O and dried to yield 233 mg of6-tert-butyl-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-ol as a white solid. LCMSfound: (M+H)+=191.

Preparation C7, Step 4: 6-tert-Butyl-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-ol(0.43 mg, 2.26 mmol, 1 eq.) and POCl₃ (4.21 mL, 45.2 mmol, 20 eq.) weremixed and refluxed for 4 hours. The mixture was stripped then restripped3× from methylene chloride and then dissolved in methylene chloride andrinsed 3× with sat'd NaHCO₃, 1× with brine. The organic layers werecollected, dried and stripped in vacuo to yield 490 mg of6-tert-butyl-4-chloro-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine as an amber oil.LCMS detects (M+H)+=210.

Preparation C8: Synthesis of 3-(tert-Butyl)-pyrrole-5-carboxylic Acid

Preparation C8, Step 1: Ethyl 4-tert-butyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate(from C7, Step 1) (38 mg, 1.95 mmol, 1 eq), 1.000 N NaOH (39 mL, 39mmol, 20 eq) and MeOH (50 mL) were mixed and refluxed for 1 hour. Themixture was acidified with 1.0 N HCl, (1.0 N), the MeOH stripped, andthe remaining aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The organiclayers were combined, dried (MgSO4), and stripped to yield 290 mg of anoff-white solid. NMR (CDCl3+2 drops DMSO-D6) δ 6.50 (s, 1H); 6.46 (s,1H); 0.95 (s, 9H).

Preparation C9: Synthesis of 3-(tert-Butyl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylicAcid

Preparation C9, Step 1: Ethyl 4-tert-butyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate wasfirst methylated by the method of C6, Step 1 and then saponified by themethod of C8, Step 1 (reflux lasting 4 hours) yielding3-(tert-butyl)-1-methylpyrrole-5-carboxylic acid. MS found:(M+H)⁺=182.10.

Preparation C10: Synthesis of lithium2-tert-butyl-1-oxo-pyrimidine-4-carboxylate

The titled compound was prepared from2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid utilizing the procedures usedto synthesize lithium 2-phenylisonicotinate, N-oxide (Preparation H1).The synthesis yielded a 3:1 mixture of desired product, lithium2-tert-butyl-1-oxo-pyrimidine-4-carboxylate, and the des-oxo derivative,lithium 2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate. This mixture was used asis. MS found: (M+H)⁺=197.24.

Preparation D1: Synthesis of 6-chloroquinazolin-4-ol

Preparation D1, Step 1: 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (1.00 g, 5.86 mmol,1 eq.) and formic acid (3.94 mL, 104 mmol, 17.8 eq.) were mixed at roomtemperature and then refluxed for 2.5 hours. Cooled to room temperaturethen added 15 mL of water. Solids precipitated. Stirred the solids for10 minutes. The solids were filtered, rerinsed 2 times with of water (5mL). The solids were filtered then stirred in of ethyl acetate (10 mL)for 5 minutes. Filtered the solids to give 6-chloroquinazolin-4-ol (800mg) as tan solids. Yield=75%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects (M+H)⁺=180.8.

Preparation D1, Step 2: 6-Chloroquinazolin-4-ol (400 mg, 2.21 mmol, 1eq.), phosphorus oxychloride (1.99 mL, 21.4 mmol, 9.64 eq.) andtriethylamine (0.99 mL, 7.11 mmol, 3.21 eq.) were mixed at roomtemperature under nitrogen and then refluxed for 2.5 hours. Worked up bystripping the reaction, then re-rotovapping the residue 2 times fromtoluene to obtain brown solids. Methylene chloride (25 mL) was added todissolve the solids. The organic mixture was then rinsed 2 times withsaturated ammonium chloride (25 mL). The organic layer was dried (sodiumsulfate) and stripped to give brown solids. The solids were purifiedover silica gel in 9:1 to 3:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained4,6-dichloroquinazoline (300 mg) as an off-white solid. Yield=68%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz)(DMSO-D6) δ 9.16 (s, 1H): 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.17 (apparent t,2H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation D2: Synthesis of 6-fluoroquinazolin-4-ol

Preparation D2, Step 1: 2-Amino-5-fluorobenzoic acid (2.00 g, 13.0 mmol,1 eq.) and formic acid (8.72 mL, 231 mmol, 17.8 eq.) were mixed at roomtemperature and then refluxed for 2.5 hours. Cooled to room temperaturethen added 25 mL of water. Solids precipitated. Stirred the solids for 1hour. The solids were filtered then stirred with hexanes (20 mL). Thesolids were filtered and dried at 110° C. under vacuum for 4 hours togive 6-fluoroquinazolin-4-ol (1.66 g) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz)(CD₃OD) δ 8.07 (s, 1H); 7.85 (D, 1h); 7.74 (T, 1h) ; 7.62 (M, 1h).

Preparation D2, Step 2: 6-fluoroquinazolin-4-ol (1.00 g, 6.09 mmol, 1eq.), phosphorus oxychloride (3.41 mL, 36.6 mmol, 6 eq.) andtriethylamine (5.09 mL, 36.6 mmol, 6 eq.) were mixed at room temperatureand then refluxed for 2 hours. Worked up by stripping 3 times frommethylene chloride. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (25mL) and rinsed 3 times with saturated sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) and 1×with brine (25 mL). The organic layer was dried (sodium sulfate) andstripped to give a crude oil. Purified over silica gel in 9:1 to 3:1hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained 4-chloro-6-fluoroquinazoline (0.96 g) asa tan solid. Yield=86%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=183.16.

Preparation D3: Synthesis of 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline

Preparation D3, Step 1: A suspension of2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (56.34 g,185 mmol, see: S. Takagishi, et al., Synlett 1992) in dioxane (100 mL)was treated with the dropwise addition of 4 N hydrochloric acid solutionin dioxane (250 mL, 1.0 mol), and the mixture was stirred for 4 h.Analysis by LC/MS indicated that the reaction was not complete, soadditional 4 N hydrochloric acid solution in dioxane (250 mL, 1.0 mol)was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Analysis by LC/MSindicated that the reaction still contained c. 5% of the startingmaterial, so additional 4 N hydrochloric acid solution in dioxane (100mL, 0.4 mol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. Analysis byLC/MS indicated that the reaction was now complete. The mixture wasconcentrated in-vacuo, and the residue was stripped 2× from methylenechloride to remove any remaining HCl. The2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, hydrochloride thus obtained wasused immediately in the next step. MS (ES+)=206 (M+H+).

Preparation D3, Step 2: A suspension of2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, hydrochloride (44.7 g, 185mmol) and formamidine acetate (38.52 g, 370 mmol) in 2-ethoxyethanol(200 mL) was heated at reflux overnight, during which time a clearsolution was observed. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, andthe resulting solids were collected by filtration, rinsed with a smallamount of 2-ethoxyethanol followed by diethyl ether, and dried undervacuum to yield 9.7 g of an off-white solid, which was not desiredproduct by NMR. The combined filtrates were concentrated in-vacuo, andthe residue was crystallized from methanol to yield 31.07 g of6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ol as off-white plates in two crops. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm 12.60 (s, 1 H), 8.35 (s, 1 H), 8.24 (d, J=4.83Hz, 1 H), 8.13-8.09 (m, 1 H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.35, 4.39 Hz, 1 H). MS(ES+)=215 (M+H+).

Preparation D3, Step 3: A suspension of6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ol (10.41 g, 48.4 mmol) in phosphorousoxychloride (100 mL) was heated at reflux for 3 h, during which time aclear, amber solution was observed. The solution was cooled to roomtemperature, concentrated in-vacuo, and stripped 3× from 150 mLmethylene chloride to remove any remaining phosphorous oxychloride. Theresidue was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated sodium bicarbonate(1:1, 300 mL), and the mixture was stirred until gas evolution ceased.The layers were separated, the organic phase was washed successivelywith saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, the combined aqueous phaseswere extracted with EtOAc (50 mL), and the combined organic phases weredried over sodium sulfate then concentrated in-vacuo. The residue waspurified over silica gel, eluting with 25% EtOAc/Heptane, to yield 8.14g of 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline as a white solid. MS(ES+)=233, 235 (M+H+).

Preparation D4: Synthesis of 4-chloro-6-trifluoromethoxyquinazoline

Preparation D4, Step 1 (Synthesis of(4-Trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester): A solutionof 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl isocyanate (9.75 g, 48.0 mMol) in THF (100mL) was cooled to 0° C., and a 1.0 M THF solution of potassiumtert-butoxide (53 mL, 53 mMol) was added dropwise. The mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature, and stirred for 7 hours. Thesolution was poured into a mixture of saturated ammonium chloridesolution (200 mL), and diethyl ether (200 mL). Enough water was added toredissolve the ammonium chloride that had crashed out, the mixture wasshaken in a separatory funnel, and the layers were separated. Theorganic phase was washed with saturated ammonium chloride (100 mL),water (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated in-vacuo. The residue was purified over silica gel, elutingwith 10% -20% ethyl acetate/heptane to yield 11.7 g of white solids asproduct. NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.54 (s, 1 H), 7.54 (d, 2H, J=7 Hz), 7.23(d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 1.45 (s, 9H) Yield=88%.

Preparation D4, Step 2 (Synthesis of2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzoic acid): A solutionof (4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2.31 g,8.33 mMol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at −78° C. was treated with a 1.4 Msolution of sec-butyllithium in cyclohexane (13 mL, 18.33 mMol), at arate which did not allow the internal temperature to exceed −60° C. Thesolution was stirred at −78° C. for 15 minutes, then allowed to warm to−40° C. and stirred for 2.5 hours. The reaction was treated with gaseousCO₂, stirred 30 minutes while warming to −20° C., then quenched withsaturated ammonium chloride. The mixture was warmed to room temperature,and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phaseswere washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, and concentrated in-vacuo. The residue was triturated with hotheptane to yield 1.9 g of white powder as product. NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ12.89 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H, J=7Hz), 1.51 (s, 9 Hz). Yield=72%.

Preparation D4, Step 3 (Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzoicacid, HCl salt): 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzoicacid (1.9 g, 5.91 mMol) was dissolved in a 4 N HCl solution in dioxane(15 mL), and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperaturefor 6 hours. Analysis by LC/MS showed that the reaction was incomplete,so concentrated HCl (1 mL) was added, followed by methylene chloride (20mL) to dissolve the solids, and the reaction was stirred overnight atroom temperature. The mixture was concentrated in-vacuo, then strippedfrom methanol (3×50 mL) to remove any excess HCl. The resulting solidswere used as-is in the next step. MS (ES+)=222 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation D4, Step 4 (Synthesis of6-Trifluoromethoxy-quinazolin-4-ol): A mixture of2-amino-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzoic acid, HCl salt (1.52 g, 5.91 mMol),and formamidine acetate (1.84 g, 17.73 mMol) in 2-ethoxyethanol (20 mL)was heated at reflux for 2 hours. Analysis by LC/MS showed that thereaction was complete, so the mixture was concentrated in-vacuo, and theresidue was purified over silica gel, eluting with 50% ethylacetate/heptane-100% ethyl acetate, to yield 1.1 g of white solids asproduct. MS (ES+)=231 (M+H)⁺. Yield=82%.

Preparation D4, Step 5: A suspension of6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4-ol (515 mg, 2.23 mmol) in phosphorousoxychloride (1.9 mL) was treated with triethylamine (3 mL, 21.1 mmol),and the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. The resulting solution wascooled to room temperature, and stripped 3× from methylene chloride toremove residual phosphorous oxychloride. The residue was dissolved in100 mL methylene chloride, 100 mL saturated sodium bicarbonate wascarefully added, causing vigorous gas evolution, and the mixture wasstirred for 10 min, until gas evolution had ceased. The layers wereseparated, and the organic phase was washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate (2×30 mL), followed by brine, dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated in-vacuo. The residue was purified over silica gel, elutingwith 40% EtOAc/heptane, to yield 377 mg of4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazoline as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 9.10 (S,1 H), 8.16 (d, J=9.23 Hz, 1 H), 8.10 (s, 1 H),7.83 (dd, J=9.23, 2.20 Hz, 1 H). MS (ES+)=249 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation D5: Synthesis of2-tert-Butyl-8-chloro-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine

Preparation D5, Step 1 (Synthesis of5-Bromo-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester): A 2.0 Mhexanes solution of trimethylsilyldiazomethane (11.8 mL, 23.62 mMol) wasadded dropwise to a stirring solution of5-bromo-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (6.12 g, 23.62 mMol)in 9:1 benzene/methanol (100 mL), and the reaction was stirred for 2days. TLC analysis showed that the reaction was complete, so the mixturewas concentrated in-vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate(100 mL), washed with water (3×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, thenconcentrated in-vacuo. Purified over silica gel, eluting with 10% ethylacetate/hexanes, to yield 5.2 g of a colorless oil as product. MS(ES+)=273,275 (M+H)⁺. Yield=81%.

Preparation D5, Step 2 (Synthesis of5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acidmethyl ester): A flame dried reaction tube charged withtert-butylcarbamate (140 mg, 1.2 mMol), cesium carbonate (456 mg, 1.4mMol), 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthane (18 mg, 0.03mMol), and tris(dibenzylidineacetone)dipalladium(0) (19 mg, 0.02 mMol)was evacuated under vacuum, then backfilled with argon. Dioxane (2 mL)and 5-bromo-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (273mg, 1.0 mMol) were added, and the mixture was degassed under vacuum. Thetube was then backfilled with argon, sealed, and heated at 100° C. for 2hours. Analysis by LC/MS showed complete consumption of startingbromide. The mixture was diluted with methylene chloride (20 mL),filtered to remove solids, and concentrated in-vacuo. The residue waspurified over silica gel, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/heptane, toyield 152 mg of white solids as product. MS (ES+)=310 (M+H)⁺. Yield=50%.

Preparation D5, Step 3 (Synthesis of5-Amino-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, HClsalt): 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylicacid methyl ester (2.4 g, 7.75 mMol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution ofHCl in dioxane (30 mL). After 10 minutes of stirring, a thick whitesolid precipitated. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight, duringwhich time the mixture became a homogenous, amber solution. Concentratedin-vacuo, and the residue was stripped from toluene (2×50 mL) followedby methylene chloride (3×50 mL) to remove excess HCl. The resulting 1.85g of yellow solids was used without further purification in the nextstep. MS (ES+)=210 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation D5, Step 4 (Synthesis of6-tert-Butyl-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol): A mixture of5-amino-2-tert-butyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, HCl salt(1.1 g, 4.48 mMol) and formamidine acetate (1.86 g, 17.90 mMol) in2-ethoxyethanol (20 mL) was heated at reflux for 5 hours. LC/MS analysisshowed the reaction to be essentially complete, so the mixture wascooled to room temperature, then concentrated in-vacuo. The residue waspurified over silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate, 1% methanol/ethylacetate, then 2% methanol/ethyl acetate to yield 1.06 g of a beige solidas product. MS (ES+)=205 (M+H)⁺. Yield=94%.

Preparation D5, Step 5 (Synthesis of2-tert-Butyl-8-chloro-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine):6-tert-Butyl-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol (210 mg, 1.03 mMol) wasdissolved in phosphorous oxychloride (10 mL), and the mixture was heatedat reflux for 4 hours. The solution was concentrated in-vacuo, thenstripped from methylene chloride (3×50 mL) to remove excess phosphorousoxychloride. The residue was stirred for 10 minutes in saturated sodiumbicarbonate (50 mL), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Thecombined organic phases were washed with water (30 mL), followed bybrine (30 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated in-vacuo.The residue was purified over silica gel, eluting with 50% ethylacetate/heptane, to yield 150 mg of a white solid as product. NMR (500MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.61 (s, 1H), 9.15 (S,1H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Preparation D6: Synthesis of 4-chloro-6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline

Preparation D6, Step 1: A suspension of 2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid(2.00 g, 9.26 mmol) and formamidine acetate (3.86 g, 37.0 mmol) in2-ethoxyethanol (20 mL) was heated at reflux for 2 hours, during whichtime, a clear solution was observed. The reaction was allowed to cool toroom temperature, during which time solids precipitated. The precipitatewas collected by filtration and rinsed with diethyl ether, to yieldmaterial which contained desired product, but was not pure by NMRanalysis. The solids were partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, asmall amount of material which did not dissolve was removed byfiltration, and the layers were separated. The organic phase was washedtwice with water, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in-vacuoto yield 690 mg of 6-bromoquinazolin-4-ol as a tan solid. The initialorganic filtrate was concentrated to give solids which were stirred indiethyl ether, collected by filtration, and air dried to yield 430 mg of6-bromoquinazolin-4-ol as a tan solid. MS (ES+)=225/227 (M+H+).

Preparation D6, Step 2: A mixture of 6-bromoquinazolin-4-ol (227 mg,1.01 mmol), 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid (307 mg, 2.02 mmol), 2.0 Mpotassium phosphate (aq) (1.5 mL, 3.0 mmol), and DMF (3 mL) in a 5 mLmicrowave tube was degassed under vacuum/Ar. A catalytic amount oftetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was added to the tube, themixture was degassed again, the tube was sealed, and the reaction washeated at 150° C. in the microwave for 30 min. The resulting blackmixture was filtered, then concentrated in-vacuo. The residue was takenup in 9:1 ethyl acetate/heptane (50 mL), washed with water (3×20 mL),then brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in-vacuo.The residue was purified over silica gel, eluting with 1:1 ethylacetate/heptane, 100% ethyl acetate, then 9:1 ethyl acetate/methanol, toyield 250 mg of 6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-ol as a white powder. MS(ES+)=253 (M+H+).

Preparation D6, Step 3. A suspension of6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-ol (250 mg, 0.99 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 mL)was heated at reflux for 1 h, during which time a clear solution wasobserved. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentratedin-vacuo, then concentrated from methylene chloride (3×100 mL) to removeany remaining POCl₃. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate(25 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ (30 mL), and the mixture was stirred untilgas evolution ceased (10 min). The layers were separated, the organicphase was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, dried oversodium sulfate, and concentrated in-vacuo. The residue was purified oversilica gel, eluting with 1:3 ethyl acetate/heptane, to yield 217 mg of4-chloro-6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline as a white solid. ¹H NMR (500MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 9.03 (s, 1 H), 8.36 (s, 1 H), 8.19 (d, J=7.15 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 (m, 2 H), 7.10 (t, J=7.42 Hz, 1 H),7.04 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 1 H), 3.86 (m, 3 H).

Preparation D7: Synthesis of 3-(4-chloroquinazolin-6-yl)benzonitrile

The procedure described in Preparation D6 was followed, substituting3-cyanobenzeneboronic acid for 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid inPreparation D6, step 2. MS (ES+)=266/268 (M+H+).

Preparation E1: 4-tert-butylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid

A solution of ethyl thiooxamate (0.75 g, 5.6 mol) and 1-bromopinacolone(1.0 g, 5.6 mol) in ethanol was heated to reflux for 2 h. The solventwas removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and washed withwater and brine, concentrated and the residue chromatographed on silicagel (10% Ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 0.8 g of ethyl4-tert-butylthiazole-2-carboxylate as an oil. The ester was dissolved inmethanol (5 ml) and treated with 1N NaOH (30 ml) and stirred overnightat room temperature. The solution was acidified with 1N HCl andextracted into CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water. The solvent was removedunder vacuum to give 0.55 g of 4-tert-butylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid asa off-white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=186.24

Preparation E2: 4-(perfluoroethyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=248

Preparation E3: 4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=274.3

Preparation E4: 4-phenylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=206.17

Preparation E5: 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=240.14

Preparation E6: 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=263.13

Preparation E7: 4-(1-adamantyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M−H)⁻=262.25

Preparation E8: 4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=207.22

Preparation E9: 4-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=212.05

Preparation E10: 4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation E1.MS found: (M+H)⁺=212.05

Preparation F1: 4-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid

Preparation F1, Step 1: Synthesis of 4-bromofuran-2-carboxylic acid:Commercially available 4,5-dibromofuran-2-carboxylic acid (6.1 g, 22.6mol) was suspended in 100 ml of ammonium hydroxide and treatedportion-wise with zinc dust (1.48 g, 22.6 mol) and stirred at roomtemperature for a few minutes. The reaction was filtered and thefiltrate acidified with 5N HCl and extracted several times withmethylene chloride. The extract was washed with brine and concentratedto give 2.93 g of a white solid consisting mainly of4-bromofuran-2-carboxylic acid. MS (ES⁻)found: (M−H)⁻=190.95 and 188.95.NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ 13.3 (bs, 1 H), 8.14 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (s, 1 H).Product was contaminated with 25% furan-2-carboxylic acid by-product.NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ 13.3 (bs, 1 H), 7.90 (m, 1 H), 7.19 (m, 1 H),6.64 (m, 1 H).

Preparation F1, Step 2: Synthesis of 4-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid: Asolution of 4-bromofuran-2-carboxylic acid (380 mg, 2 mmol),phenylboronic acid (488 mg, 4 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was place in amicrowave reaction tube and treated with a 2 M K₃PO₄(aq) (2 ml, 4 mmol). The solution was purged with nitrogen for 10 minutes before addingPd(PPh3)4 (1.5 mg) catalyst. The mixture was again purged with nitrogenfor 5 minutes before the reaction tube was sealed. The mixture washeated in a microwave oven at 150° C. for 30 minutes. The reactionmixture was filtered and the filtrate poured into 1N HCl (100 ml) withstirring. The precipitate was filtered and air-dried to give 190 mg of4-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=187.07.

Preparation F2: 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation F1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=217.12

Preparation F3: 4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation F1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=255.14

Preparation G1: Synthesis of 5-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid.

A solution of 5-bromofuran-2-carboxylic acid (381 mg, 2 mmol),phenylboronic acid (488 mg, 4 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was place in amicrowave reaction tube and treated with a 2 M K₃PO₄(aq) (2 ml, 4 mmol).The solution was purged with nitrogen for 10 minutes before addingPd(PPh₃)₄ (1.5 mg) catalyst. The mixture was again purged with nitrogenfor 5 minutes before the reaction tube was sealed. The mixture washeated in a microwave oven at 150° C. for 30 minutes. The reactionmixture was filtered and the filtrate poured into 1N HCl (100 ml) withstirring. The precipitate was filtered and air-dried to give 209 mg of5-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=187.13.

Preparation G2: Synthesis of5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=255.11

Preparation G3: Synthesis of 5-(4-fluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=205.10

Preparation G4: Synthesis of 5-(3-fluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=205.10

Preparation G5: Synthesis of 5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylicacid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=223.09

Preparation G6: Synthesis of 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)furan-2-carboxylicacid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=229.15

Preparation G7: Synthesis of 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=217.13

Preparation G8: Synthesis of 5-(3-cyanophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=212.12

Preparation G9: Synthesis of 5-(4-cyanophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid.

This was synthesized using the procedure described for Preparation G1.MS (ES⁻found: (M−H)⁻=212.12

Preparation H1: Synthesis of lithium 2-phenylisonicotinate, N-oxide

Preparation H1, Step 1: A mixture of 2-bromo-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid(1.1 g, 5.45 mmol), phenylboronic acid (1.3 g, 10.9 mmol), 2.0 Mpotassium phosphate (aq) (8.2 mL, 16.34 mmol), and DMF (10 mL) in a 20mL microwave tube was degassed under vacuum/Ar. A catalytic amount oftetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was added to the tube, themixture was degassed again, the tube was sealed, and the reaction washeated at 150° C. in the microwave for 30 min. The reaction mixture wasfiltered, the filtrate was concentrated in-vacuo, and the residue wasdissolved in water (10 mL). The mixture was acidified to pH=6 with theaddition of 1.0 N HCl, and the resulting precipitate was collected byfiltration, rinsed with two portions of ice-cold water, and air dried toyield 575 mg of 2-phenylisonicotinic acid as an off-white solid. MS(ES+)=200 (M+H+).

Preparation H1, Step 2: A solution of 2-phenylisonicotinic acid (459 mg,2.30 mmol) in 9:1 benzene/methanol (20 mL) was cooled to 0° C., andtreated with the dropwise addition of a 2.0 M hexane solution of(trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (1.15 mL, 2.30 mmol). The mixture wasallowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 6 h. Analysis by TLCindicated incomplete reaction, so the mixture was treated withadditional (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane solution (230 μL, 0.23 mmol),and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 h. TLC of the mixtureremained unchanged. The solvent was stripped, and the residue waspartitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated sodium bicarbonate. Thelayers were separated, the organic phase was washed 2× with saturatedsodium bicarbonate, the combined aqueous phases were extracted withethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were washed with brine,dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified over silica gel, eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/heptane, toyield 372 mg of methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.83 (d, J=5.27 Hz, 1 H), 8.29 (s, 1 H), 8.04 (d,J=7.03 Hz, 2 H), 7.77 (d, J=3.52 Hz, 1 H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 3 H), 3.98 (s,3 H).

Preparation H1, Step 3: Methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate, N-oxide wasprepared via the method of Sharpless, et. al., (J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63,1740.). A solution of methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate (370 mg, 1.73 mmol)and methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) in methylene chloride (2mL) was treated with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (347 μL, 3.47 mmol),causing the colorless solution to turn yellow, and the mixture wasstirred overnight. Analysis by LCMS indicated a 8:2 mixture of desiredproduct to starting material, so additional methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (30mg, 0.1 mmol) was added, and the mixture was allowed to stir for 6 h. Acatalytic amount of manganese dioxide was added, and the mixture wasstirred until gas evolution ceased (30 min). The mixture was dilutedwith methylene chloride (20 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueouswas extracted with methylene chloride (5 mL), and the combined organicphases were dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated in vacuo to 397mg of a colorless glass. Analysis by LCMS indicates a ratio of 95:5methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate, N-oxide/methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate. Thismaterial was used as-is in the next step. MS (ES+)=230 (M+H+).

Preparation H1, Step 4: A solution of methyl 2-phenylisonicotinate,N-oxide (397 mg, 1.73 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was treated with 0.5 N aqueouslithium hydroxide (3.65 mL, 1.81 mmol), and the mixture was stirredovernight. The THF was stripped, and the aqueous solution was freezedried to yield lithium 2-phenylisonicotinate, N-oxide a colorless glass,which was used as-is in the next step.

Preparation H2: Synthesis of 5-phenylnicotinic acid

Preparation H2, Step 1: 5-bromonicotinic acid (500 mg, 2.48 mmol, 1eq.), phenylboronic acid (454 mg, 3.71 mmol, 1.5 eq.),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (143 mg, 0.124 mmol, 0.05 eq.),and sodium carbonate (787 mg, 7.43 mmol, 3 eq.) were mixed in ethanol (5mL), toluene (25 mL), and water (5 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen. The reaction was then refluxed for 20 hours. Worked up byadding water then stripping off the ethanol. Rinsed the aqueous layer 2times with diethyl ether. Adjusted the aqueous layer pH=3 with conc.HCl. The acidic aqueous layer was extracted 3 times with ethyl acetateand a little THF. The ethyl acetate/THF layers were combined, dried oversodium sulfate and stripped to give 5-phenylnicotinic acid (332 mg) as awhite solid. Yield=67%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=198.1.

Preparation H3: Synthesis of3′-trifluoromethylsulfonamido-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid

Preparation H3, Step 1: Ethyl 3-iodobenzoate (0.92 g, 3.34 mmol, 1 eq.),phenylboronic acid (0.87 g, 5.02 mmol, 1.5 eq.), palladium(II)acetate(37 mg, 0.167 mmol, 0.05 eq.) and sodium carbonate (706 mg, 6.66 mmol, 2eq.) were dissolved in DMF (20 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen.The reaction was then heated at 80° C. for 1.5 hours. Worked up byadding ethyl acetate and rinsing 4 times with water. The organic layerwas dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give a dark oil. Purifiedover silica gel in 9:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to obtain3′-Amino-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (420 mg) as anoil. Yield=55%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=242.41.

Preparation H3, Step 2: Ethyl-3-(3-aminophenyl)benzoate (100 mg, 0.44mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) at roomtemperature and potassium carbonate (91 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.5 eq.) wasadded. Cooled to −70° C. then added triflic anhydride (74 uL, 0.44 mmol,1 eq.) dropwise via an addition funnel. After 1 hour, added 0.2 eq moreof each of the above reagents. After 1 hour, the reaction was strippedto give 3′-trifluoromethylsulfonamido-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid,ethyl ester (150 mg) as an oil. Yield=91%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects(M+H)⁺=372.1.

Preparation H3, Step 3:3′-Trifluoromethylsulfonamido-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid, ethylester (150 mg, 0.40 mmol, 1 eq.) and 1.000 N NaOH (0.80 mL, 0.80 mmol, 2eq.) were dissolved in THF (5 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 20hours. Little reaction. Added 100 mg of NaOH and heated at 50° C. for 20hours. Worked up by adding water then rinsing 2 times with diethylether. The aqueous layer's pH was adjusted to 3 with 1N HCl. The acidicaqueous layer was extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate. The ethylacetate layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and stripped togive 3′-trifluoromethylsulfonamido-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid (90mg) of an amber solid. Yield=65%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects (M+H)⁺=344.0.

Preparation H4: Synthesis of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

Preparation H4, Step 1: 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (500 mg, 2.30mmol, 1 eq.), phenylboronic acid (281 mg, 2.30 mmol, 1 eq.),palladium(II)acetate (16 mg, 0.069 mmol, 0.03 eq.) and 1.5M cesiumcarbonate (aqueous) (4.61 mL) were dissolved in DMF (10 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen then heated at 45° C. for 20 hours. Worked upby adding water (10 mL) then adjusting to pH=3 with 1N HCl. Extractedthe acidic aqueous 3 times with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layerswere combined and rinsed 3 times with water (10 mL). The ethyl acetatelayer was then dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to an oil. The oilwas purified over silica gel in 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained3-phenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (330 mg) as an oil which eventuallysolidified. Yield=67%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=257.23.

Preparation H5: Synthesis of 2-Phenylpyrazine-6-carboxylic acid

Preparation H5, Step 1: 2-Phenylpyrazine-6-carboxylic acid wassynthesized by the method of E. Felder, D. Pitre, S. Boveri and E. B.Grabitz, Chem. Ber. 100 (1967) 555-559. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=201.29.

Preparation H6: Synthesis of 3-tert-butyl-5-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoicacid

Preparation H6, Step 1: To a solution of dimethyl5-tert-butylisophthalate (2.5 g, 10 mmol) in 20 mL of THF cooled to 0°C. was added dropwise a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (168mg, 7 mmol) in 5.0 mL of water. The reaction mixture was stirred at RTfor 3 h. THF was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow oilwhich was diluted with 10 mL of 1 N HCl. The aqueous phase was extractedwith EtOAc (2×25 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄,and concentrated to afford 700 mg of3-tert-butyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=237.

Preparation H6, Step 2: To a soultion of3-tert-butyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid (700 mg) in DMF (15 mL) atrt was added HATU (1.2 eq), 3-aminopropanenitrile (1.2 eq), and iPr₂NEt(1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h before water and EtOAcwere added. The organic layer was separated and re-washed twice beforeit was collected, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to provide methyl3-tert-butyl-5-((2-cyanoethyl)carbamoyl)benzoate as a glassy solid (520mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=289.

Preparation H6, Step 3: To a soultion of3-tert-butyl-5-((2-cyanoethyl)carbamoyl)benzoat (520 mg, 1.8 mmol) inMeCN (15 mL) at 0° C. was added NaN₃ (117 mg, 1.8 mmol), and Tf₂0 (0.3mL, 1.8 mm0l). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h before aq NaHCO₃and EtOAc were added. The organic layer was separated and re-washedtwice before it was collected, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated tomethyl 3-tert-butyl-5-(2-(2-cyanoethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate as anoil (450 mg, 80% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=314.

Preparation H6, Step 4: To a solution of methyl3-tert-butyl-5-(2-(2-cyanoethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate (500 mg) in20 mL of THF cooled to 0° C. was added dropwise a solution of lithiumhydroxide monohydrate (76 mg) in 5.0 mL of water. The reaction mixturewas stirred at RT for 16 h. THF was removed under reduced pressure togive a yellow oil which was diluted with 10 mL of 1 N HCl. The aqueousphase was extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL) , and the extracts werecombined, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to afford3-tert-butyl-5-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=247.

Preparation H7: Synthesis of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid

Preparation H7, Step 1: To a soultion of 3-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid(800 mg, 4.4 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) at rt was added HATU (2 g, 5.3 mmol),3-aminopropanenitrile (0.33 mL, 4.4 mmol), and iPr₂NEt (0.92 mL, 5.3mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h before water and EtOAcwere added. The organic layer was separated and re-washed twice beforeit was collected, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to provide methyl3-((2-cyanoethyl)carbamoyl)benzoate as a glassy solid (900 mg). MSfound: (M+H)⁺=233.

Preparation H7, Step 2: To a soultion of methyl3-((2-cyanoethyl)carbamoyl)benzoate (400 mg, 1.7 mmol) in MeCN (15 mL)at 0° C. was added NaN₃ (111 mg, 1.7 mmol), and Tf₂0 (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol).The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h before aq NaHCO₃.and EtOAc wereadded. The organic layer was separated and re-washed twice before it wascollected, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to methyl3-(1-(2-cyanoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate as an oil (180 mg, 41%yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=258.

Preparation H7, Step 3: To a solution of methyl3-(1-(2-cyanoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate (180 mg, 0.7 mmol) in 20mL of THF cooled to 0° C. was added dropwise a solution of lithiumhydroxide monohydrate (50 mg, 2.1 mmol) in 5.0 mL of water. The reactionmixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. THF was removed under reducedpressure to give a yellow oil which was diluted with 10 mL of 1 N HCl.The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL), and the extractswere combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to afford 100 mg (58%yield) of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=191.

Preparation H8: Synthesis of 3-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

The title compound was synthesized followd by the literature proceduresdescribed in Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 8, 7, 1559-1566. MS found:(M+H)⁺=220.

Preparation H9: Synthesis of 6-phenylpicolinic acid

Preparation H9, Step 1: 6-Bromopicolinic acid (1.0 g) was dissolved in1,2-dimethoxyethane (15 mL) prior to the addition of palladiumtetrakistriphenylphoshine (572 mg), 2M Na₂CO₃ (5 mL), and phenyl boronicacid (905 mg). The resulting solution was heated at reflux for 48 h.After cooling, 1N HCL was added to adjust the pH<4. A white precipitatewas formed and was removed by filtration. A small portion of thefiltrate was purified by reverse phase HPLC (gradient elution,water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford 6-phenylpicolinic acid (25 mg). MSfound: (M+H)⁺=200.1.

Preparation H10: Synthesis of 5-phenylnicotinic acid N-oxide

Preparation H10, Step 1: 5-Phenylnicotinic acid (50 mg) was dissolved indichloroethane (2 ml) prior to the addition of 77% mCPBA (250 mg). Thereaction was stirred for 15 h and then it was concentrated, filtered,and purified by reverse phase HPLC (gradient elution,water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford 5-phenylnicotinic acid N-oxide (20mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=216.1.

Preparation H11: Synthesis of 3-(thiazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

Preparation H11, Step 1: 10 g (0.068 mol) of 3-cyano benzoic acid wastaken in 150 ml of dry dichloromethane and cooled to 0° C. Added 50 mlof oxalyl chloride drop wise followed by 5 drops of dry DMF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight. Dichloromethane wasremoved and dry methanol (50 ml) was added and stirred at rt for 2 h.Excess methanol was removed and the residue was dissolved in ethylacetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with 10% of sodiumbicarbonate, brine and concentrated to give methyl 3-cyanobenzoate (7 g)as a white solid.

Preparation H1, Step 2: A solution of 2 g (0.01 mol) ofmethyl-3-cyanobenzoate in 32 ml of THF and 8 ml of water was chargedwith 2.3 g (0.012 mol) of diethyl dithiophosphate and heated at 80° C.for 24 h. THF was removed and the residue was taken in ethyl acetate.The extract was washed with water and concentrated to afford methyl3-carbamothioylbenzoate (2.0 g) as a pale yellow solid.

Preparation H1, Step 3: A solution of 0.6 g (0.003 mol) of methyl3-carbamothioylbenzoate in 6 ml of acetic acid was charged with 1.15 g(0.009 mol) of chloroacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and a catalytic amountof PTSA. The RM was heated to 100° C. over night. Acetic acid wasremoved under vacuum and the crude product was purified by 60-120 silicagel column using 5% of ethyl acetate in pet ether as eluent to providemethyl 3-(thiazol-2-yl)benzoate (0.5 g) as a white solid.

Preparation H11, Step 4: A solution of 0.6 g (0.0027 mol) of methyl3-(thiazol-2-yl)benzoate in 6 ml of THF and 1.2 ml of water was chargedwith 0.11 g (0.0046 mol) of lithium hydroxide. The reaction mixture wasstirred at RT overnight. THF was removed and the aqueous layer waswashed with ether and acidified with 1.5 N HCl. The solid product wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brineand concentrated to afford 3-(thiazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (0.4 g) as anoff white solid obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.63(m, 1H), 8.0 (d, 1H), 8.22 (d, 1H), 8.30 (d, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H). MSfound: (M−H)⁻=204.

Examples 1a-1j Example 1a Synthesis of cis- andtrans-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 1a, Step 1: 1,4-cyclohexanedione ethylene ketal (5.00 g, 32.0mmol, 1 eq.), sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.14 g, 38.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.)and benzylamine (3.50 mL, 32.0 mmol, 1 eq.) were mixed in methylenechloride (100 mL) at room temperature. Stirred for 20 hours. Added 50 mLof 1.0 N NaOH. Stirred for 10 minutes. Extracted 3 times with methylenechloride (50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over sodiumsulfate and stripped to giveN-(phenylmethyl)-1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine (7.91 g) of a lightamber oil as product. Yield=100%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=248.26.

Example 1a, Step 2: 20% Palladium hydroxide (1.00 g) was carefullywetted down under nitrogen with methanol (50 mL) thenN-(phenylmethyl)-1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine (7.91 g) in methanol(50 mL) was added. The mixture was hydrogenated on a Parr shaker for 20hours. Worked up by filtering off the catalyst under nitrogen throughfiberglass filter paper. The filtrate was stripped to give1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine (6.40 g) as an oily solid. Yield=100%.LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=158.1.

Example 1a, Step 3: 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine (5.03 g, 32.0 mmol,1 eq.), CBZ-L-methionine (10.90, 38.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.),1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT) (5.19 g, 38.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.),1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide HCl (EDCI) (7.36 g, 38.4mmol, 1.2 eq.), triethylamine (8.92 mL, 64.0 mmol, 2 eq.) and methylenechloride (150 mL) were stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 72hours. Worked up by rinsing 3 times with saturated sodium bicarbonate(50 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and stripped togive an amber oil which solidified. The solids were triturated withdiethyl ether (100 mL) and stirred overnight. The solids were filteredto give8-((2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane(8.75 g) as a white solid. Yield=64%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects(M+H)⁺=423.22.

Example 1a, Step 4a:8-((2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane(8.75 g, 20.7 mmol, 1 eq.) was stirred in iodomethane (38.76 mL, 621.0mmol, 30 eq.) at room temperature under nitrogen for 20 hours. Thereaction was stripped 4 times from methylene chloride (50 mL) then 2times from chloroform (50 mL). Obtained the corresponding sulfonium salt(12.0 g) as a tan amorphous solid. LCMS detects (M+)⁺=437.06.

This sulfonium salt (11.7 g, 20.7 mmol, 1 eq.) and cesium carbonate(33.7 g, 103.5 mmol, 5 eq.) were stirred in DMF (75 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen for 20 hours. Added ethyl acetate (100 mL)and rinsed the organic layer 4 times with brine (50 mL). The organiclayer was dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give an oil.Purified over silica gel in 3:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to 100%ethyl acetate. Obtained8-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane(2.70 g) as a tan glass. Yield=35%. LCMS detects (M+)⁺=375.14.

Example 1a, Step 4b: The sulfonium salt from 1a, Step 4a, (1.00 g, 1.77mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in THF at room temperature under nitrogenthen 60% sodium hydride (370 mg, 9.30 mmol, 5 eq.) was added in 5portions. Stirred for 20 hours. Worked up by adding saturated ammoniumchloride (20 mL) then extracting 3 times with ethyl acetate. The organicextract were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give anoil. Purified over silica gel in 3:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to100% ethyl acetate. Obtained8-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane(460 mg) as a near-colorless oil as product. Yield=69%. LCMS detects(M+)⁺=375.14.

Example 1a, Step 5:8-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane(2.70 g, 7.21 mmol, 1 eq.) and p-toluene sulfonic acid (0.14 g, 0.721mmol, 0.1 eq.) were dissolved in acetone (20 mL) at room temperature.Refluxed for 4 hours. Reaction was not complete by TLC. Added 1 N HCl(10 mL). Refluxed for 10 minutes. Stripped off the acetone. Addedsaturated sodium bicarbonate (25 mL). Extracted 3 times with methylenechloride (25 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over sodiumsulfate and stripped to give benzyl(3S)-2-oxo-1-(4-oxocyclohexyl)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (2.40 g) as anamber glass. Yield=95%. LCMS detects (M+)⁺=375.14.

Example 1a, Step 6: Benzyl(3S)-2-oxo-1-(4-oxocyclohexyl)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (2.40 g, 7.26mmol, 1 eq.), tert-butylamine (0.84 mL, 7.99 mmol, 1.1 eq.), andtitanium isoproproxide (4.68 mL, 16.0 mmol, 2.2 eq.) were mixed andstirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 20 hours. Worked up byadding methanol (50 mL) and stirred for 1 hour then added sodiumborohydride (pellets) (0.27 g, 7.26 mmol, 1 eq.). After 1 hour, added 50mL of 1.0 N NaOH and stirred. After 20 minutes, extracted 3 times withmethylene chloride (50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried oversodium sulfate and stripped to give an amber oil. Purified over silicagel in 100% ethyl acetate to 4:1 methylene chloride/methanol. Obtained amixture of cis and trans-isomers of benzyl(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(700 mg) as an amber oil. Yield=25%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=388.2.

Example 1a, Step 7: 20% Palladium hydroxide (150 mg) was carefullywetted down under nitrogen with methanol (10 mL) then the mixture of cisand trans-isomers of benzyl(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(700 mg) dissolved in methanol were added. The mixture was hydrogenatedon a Parr shaker for 20 hours. Worked up by filtering off the catalystunder nitrogen through fiberglass filter paper. The filtrate wasstripped to give cis- andtrans-(3S)-3-amino-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(450 mg) as an oil. Yield=98%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=254.26.

Example 1a and 1b, Step 8: The mixture of cis and trans-isomers of(3S)-3-amino-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (60 mg,0.237 mmol, 1 eq.), 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (72 mg,0.308 mmol, 1.3 eq.), and triethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.947 mmol, 4 eq.)were dissolved in ethanol at room temperature then microwaved at 100° C.for 1 hour. Purified by HPLC. Isolated two fractions: first fractionyielded a 1:1 mixture of cis:trans(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,TFA salt (25 mg) as a white solid. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=450.17. Secondfraction yielded 100%trans-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,TFA salt (27 mg) as a white solid. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺450.17.

Examples 1e and 1f Synthesis of cis- andtrans-(3S)-3-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide

Examples 1e and 1f, Step 1: The mixture of cis and trans-isomers of(3S)-3-amino-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (60 mg,0.237 mmol, 1 eq.), tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (55mg, 0.284 mmol,1.2 eq.), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT) (38 mg, 0.284 mmol, 1.2eq.), 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide HCl (EDCI)(54 mg,0.284 mmol, 1.2 eq.), triethylamine (66 uL, 0.474 mmol, 2 eq.) andmethylene chloride (5 mL) were stirred at room temperature undernitrogen overnight. Purified by HPLC. Isolated two fractions. Firstfraction yielded a 3:1 mixture of cis- andtrans-(3S)-3-tert-butyl-N-(l-(4-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide,TFA salt (10 mg) as a white solid. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=430.23. Secondfraction yielded 100%trans-(3S)-3-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide,TFA salt (20 mg) as a white solid. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=430.23. TABLE 1-AThe compounds in the following table were made using the methodsexemplified above. The substituents listed in each table are to bepaired with the structure embedded in the table heading. In thesynthesis of certain example compounds, substitutions for key reagentswere made in order to provide a different compound, and the point(s) ofvariance is (are) indicated in the “Step Altered” column. Some of thesealterations require reagents that are not commercially available, andthe syntheses of such specialized reagents are described above in thesection entitled “Preparation of non- standard reagents and syntheticintermediates utilized in the EXAMPLES.” The nature of any givenalteration will be obvious to one skilled in the art, given the largeamount of teaching provided in the EXAMPLES that precede and follow thisTable. The reference “n/a” in the Step Altered column indicates “notapplicable,” as the procedure has been carried out as written withoutalteration. The data in the “MS” columns represent the values observedfor the (M+H)+ ions in electrospray mass spectroscopy experiments.

Step MS Example R⁵ R² Altered Data 1a t-Bu-NH 1:1 mixture of cis & trans

n/a 450.2 1b t-Bu-NH 100% trans

n/a 450.2 1c t-Bu-NH 2:3 mix. Of cis & trans

1a, Step 7 427.2 1d t-Bu-NH 100% trans

1a, Step 7 427.2 1e t-Bu-NH 3:1 mix. Of cis & trans

n/a 430.2 1f t-Bu-NH 100% trans

n/a 430.2 1g t-Bu-NH 1:1 mix. Of cis & trans

1e, Step 1 403.3 1h t-Bu-NH 1:1 mix. Of cis & trans

1e, Step 1 417.2 1i t-Bu-NH 1:1 mix. Of cis & trans

1e, Step 1 481.3 1j t-Bu-NH 1:1 mix. Of cis & trans

1e, Step 1 495.2

TABLE 1-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 1-A are tabulated below. Example Name 1aCis-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 1btrans-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 1cCis-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-tert-butylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 1dtrans-(3S)-1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-tert-butylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 1ecis-(3S)-3-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4- hydroxybenzamide 1ftrans-(3S)-3-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4- hydroxybenzamide 1g Cis-and trans-(3S)-4-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide1h Cis- and trans-(3S)-4-tert-butyl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide 1i cis- andtrans-(3S)-4-adamant-1-yl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide 1j cis- andtrans-(3S)-4-adamant-1-yl-N-(1-(4-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide

Examples 2a -2bc Example 2a Synthesis of N-{(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R, 4R)-4-5(Isopropyl-methyl-amino)-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzamide

Example 2a, Step 1: To a cooled (0° C.) solution of (1R, 2S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (4.6 g, 12.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was addedDIBAL-H (37 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF). The mixture was stirred for105 min at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with 1N HCl and extractedwith EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine,dried,(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R, 2S, 5R,7R/S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-7-hydroxy-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylateas a mixture of diastereomers. MS found: (M−H₂O+H)⁺=359.2. This materialwas dissolved in THF (20 mL) and added by cannula (6 mL THF rinse) to apre-mixed (15 min), pre-cooled (0° C.) solution ofethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide (6.4 g, 14.8 mmol) and KHMDS (31 mL ofa 0.5 M solution in toluene). The reaction was stirred for 25 min at 0°C. before being quenched with the addition of sat. NH₄Cl. The biphasicmixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts werecombined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. Purification of the residue via flash chromatography affordedthe desired [(1R, 3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-3-propenyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acidtert-butyl ester as a colorless oil (3.44 g, 72% yield). MS found:(M+H)⁺=389.3.

Example 2a, Step 2: A solution of [(1R, 3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-3-propenyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acidtert-butyl ester (3.44 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was charged with 5% Pd/C,Degussa (1 g). The reaction flask was evacuated and then back-filledwith hydrogen; this was repeated three more times. The reaction wasstirred under 1 atm of H₂ for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated invacuo to afford (1R, 3R, 4S)-(4-amino-3-propyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acidtert-butyl ester (quantitative). MS found: (M+H)⁺=257.3.

Example 2a, Step 3: A sample of (1R, 3R,4S)-(4-amino-3-propyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.9mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 CH₂Cl₂/DMF (40 mL), and the resultantsolution was charged with N-Cbz methionine (591 mg, 2.1 mmol),N,N-diethylisopropylamine (1 mL, 5.7 mmol), and BOP (1.0 g, 2.3 mmol).The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitioned betweenEtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted with EtOAc(1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford (1R, 3R,4S)-[4-((2S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylsulfanyl-butyrylamino)-3-propyl-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (375 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=522.3.

Example 2a, Step 4: The compound (1R, 3R,4S)-[4-((2S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylsulfanyl-butyrylamino)-3-propyl-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (375 mg) was “wetted” with EtOAc, and then themajority of EtOAc was removed under nitrogen stream. The residue wasdissolved in iodomethane (6 mL), and the resulting solution was stirredat RT for 48 h before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue wasdissolved in methylene chloride, and the resulting solution wasconcentrated; this was repeated to afford the salt. MS found:(M+H)⁺=536.3. This material was dissolved in DMF (12 mL) and thesolution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (470 mg, 1.4 mmol) and stirred for 12 hat RT before being partitioned between EtOAc and brine. The organicphase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash chromatography to afford {(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester (185 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=474.3.

Example 2a, Step 5: A solution of {(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester (185 mg, 0.54 mmol) in MeOH (8 mL) was charged with 5%Pd/C, Degussa (180 mg). The reaction flask was evacuated and thenback-filled with hydrogen; this was repeated three more times. Thereaction was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ for 12 h and then filtered andconcentrated in vacuo to afford (1R, 3R,4S)-{4-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-propyl-cyclohexyl}-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester. MS found: (M+H)⁺=340.3.

Example 2a, Step 6: A solution of (1R, 3R,4S)-{4-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-propyl-cyclohexyl}-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (0.27 mmol assumed) in DMF (4 mL) was charged with2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid (82 mg, 0.3 mmol),N,N-diethylisopropylamine (0.19 mL, 1.1 mmol), and BOP (142 mg, 0.32mmol). The reaction was stirred for 48 h at RT and then partitionedbetween EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted withEtOAc (1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford (1R, 3R,4S)-(4-{(3S)-3-[2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-3-propyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester. MS found: (M+H)⁺=612.3.

Example 2a, Step 7: A solution of (1R, 3R,4S)-(4-{(3S)-3-[2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzoylaminol]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-3-propyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with trifluoroaceticacid (4 mL) and mixed. After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated invacuo, and the resultant residue was again dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL)and again charged with trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL). After 1 h, thereaction was concentrated in vacuo, and the resultant residue waspartitioned between EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was washedwith brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toafford the amine. MS found: (M+H)⁺=512.3. The amine was dissolved inMeOH (6 mL) and charged with acetone (˜0.75 mL); the mixture was stirredfor 5 min before being charged with NaCNBH₃ (˜100 mg). The reaction wasstirred for 4 h at RT and then charged with formaldehyde (˜0.3 mL of a30% aq. Solution). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h, quenched with sat.NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts werecombined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford theTFA salt of the title compound, N-{(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-(Isopropyl-methyl-amino)-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzamide(also known as 1-{2-[((S)-1-((1S, 2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}-3-ethylurea),as a white powder (9 mg) after lyopholization. MS found: (freeM+H)⁺=568.3.

Example 2c Synthesis of 1-{2-[((S)-1-((1S, 2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}-3-ethylurea

Example 2c, Step 1: To a solution of {(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester (3.88 g, 8.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (90 mL) was added TFA (45mL) at RT. The reaction was stirred for 5 h and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was partitioned between 1N NaOH (100 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL).The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL) and the organicphases were combined, washed with brine (25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give benzyl (S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-amino-2-propylcyclohexyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate. MS found:(M+H)⁺=374.3.

Example 2c, Step 2: The entirety of benzyl(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-propylcyclohexyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 1 (assumed 8.2 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (40 mL).The resultant solution was charged with acetone (6 mL, 82 mmol) andstirred at RT for 10 min before sodium cyanoborohydride (2.6 g, 41 mmol)was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred at RT for 10 h andthen charged successively with formaldehyde (3.0 mL of 37 wt % aq soln,41 mmol) and sodium cyanoborohydride (0.52 g, 8.2 mmol). The reactionwas stirred for another 9 h at RT and then quenched with sat. NaHCO₃(150 mL). The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL, then2×75 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine (30 mL),dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. After the resultingoil stood, some paraformaldehyde-related products solidified; these wereremoved by dissolving the mixture in a minimal volume of EtOAc andfiltering. Subsequent concentration provided benzyl(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=430.5.

Example 2c, Step 3: The entirety of benzyl(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 2 (assumed 8.2 mmol) was wet with 3 mL of EtOAc andthen charged with 30% HBr/AcOH (30 mL). The reaction vessel warms and avigorous gas evolution occurs. The mixture was stirred for 25 min at RTand then the flask was placed in a cool water bath before the additionof 150 mL of 1:1 Et₂O/H₂O. This mixture was mixed and separated, and theaqueous phase was extracted once with Et₂O. The aqueous phase wasbasified to pH 14 through the addition of solid NaOH (the temperature ofthis exothermic process was controlled through the intermittent use ofan external ice bath) and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc(75 mL, then 2×35 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed withbrine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo togive an orange oil, contaminated with some powdery white solid (presumedto be formaldehyde-related). The mixture was dissolved in a minimalvolume of EtOAc, filtered, and concentrated to provide(S)-3-amino-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one(2.31 g; 1H-NMR shows ˜30% EtOAc, indicating an estimated 7.0 mmol ofproduct from Steps 1-3). MS found: (M+H)⁺=296.6.

Example 2c, Step 4: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one(77 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine(0.32 mL), 2-(3-ethylureido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (80 mg) andHATU (129 mg). The reaction was stirred at RT for 14 h, diluted withwater, filtered, and purified by RP-HPLC to afford1-{2-[((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}-3-ethylurea.MS found: (M+H)⁺=554.4. [Note: for larger scale preparations, thereaction was frequently run with CH₂Cl₂ as a co-solvent, and thefollowing aqueous workup was used before RP-HPLC purification. Volatileswere removed and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc. The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃, water, 1N HCl, sat. NaCl, and then dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.]

Example 2i Synthesis of6-tert-butyl-N-((3S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide

Example 2i, Step 1:(3S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(41.7 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1 eq.), 6-tert-butylpicolinic acid HCl salt (37 mg,0.168 mmol, 1.2 eq.), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT) (19 mg,0.168 mmol, 1.2 eq.), 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimideHCl (EDCI) (28 mg, 0.168 mmol, 1.2 eq.), triethylamine (24 uL, 0.282mmol, 2 eq.) and THF (5 mL) were stirred at room temperature undernitrogen overnight. Purified by RP-HPLC. Obtained 41 mg of the TFA saltof6-tert-butyl-N-((3S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide,bis TFA salt as a white solid after lyopholization. MS found:(M+H)⁺=457.4.

Example 2k Synthesis of(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 2k, Step 1: To a solution of (S)-3-amino-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one (7.0mmol) in EtOH (23 mL) was added triethylamine (2.5 mL, 17.5 mmol) and4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (2.03 g, 8.75 mmol). The mixturewas heated at 75° C. for 14 h and then concentrated in vacuo. [Note: onsmaller reaction scales, this residue could be diluted inwater/acetonitrile, filtered, and purified directly by RP-HPLC.] Theresidue was dissolved in 60 mL of 2:1 H₂O/AcOH and extracted with Et₂Otwice. The aqueous phase was basified to pH 14 with solid NaOH (thetemperature of this exothermic process was controlled through theintermittent use of an external ice bath) and then extracted with EtOActhrice. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give a solid. Thematerial was recrystallized from EtOAc twice to provide the titlecompound,(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,as a white microcrystalline solid (1.83 g, 52% yield). MS found:(M+H)⁺=492.4. [Note: Purification of the the mother liquors usingRP-HPLC provided more of the title compound as its bis-TFA salt.]

Example 2p Synthesis of(3S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 2p, Step 1: A solution of(3S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(38 mg, 0.13 mmol), 4-chloro-6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline (42 mg, 0.15mmol), and triethylamine (0.054 mL, 0.39 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) in asealed 5 mL microwave tube was heated in the microwave at 100° C. for 60min. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, concentrated in-vacuo,and the residue was purified by RP-HPLC to afford the TFA salt of thetitle compound as a white powder after lyopholization (38 mg). MS found:(M+H)⁺=530.

Examples 2r and 2s Synthesis of(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-oneand(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one

Examples 2r and 2s, Step 1: A solution of (1R, 3R,4S)-{4-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-propyl-cyclohexyl}-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (0.66 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was charged withtriethylamine (0.5 mL, 3.3 mmol) and 4,6-dichloroquinazoline (200 mg,1.0 mmol) before being heated at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas cooled and purified by flash chromatography to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-propylcyclohexylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=502.2.

Examples 2r and 2s, Step 2: A portion of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-propylcyclohexylcarbamatewas carried through the procedure outlined in Example 2a, Step 7,substituting acetaldehyde for formaldehyde. Purification by RP-HPLCprovided two products: the TFA salt of(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one[MS found: (M+H)⁺=444], and the TFA salt of(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one[MS found: (M+H)⁺=472].

Examples 2t and 2u Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-oneand(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 1: A solution of7-Oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (2.2 g,8.2 mmol) in toluene (80 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated withDIBAL-H (15 mL of a 1.5 M solution in toluene). The reaction was stirredfor 4 h at −78° C. and quenched with 1 N HCl solution. The mixture waswarmed to RT and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts werecombined, washed with brine, dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was dissolved in THF (20 mL) and added to a pre-mixed (30min), pre-cooled (0° C.) solution of ethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide(3.6 g, 9.8 mmol) and KHMDS (20.6 mL of a,0.5 M solution in toluene).The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min before being quenched withsat. ammonium chloride. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueousmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaseswere washed with brine, dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash chromatography to afford benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-((Z)-prop-1-enyl)cyclohexylcarbamate,contaminated with small amounts of its (E)-isomer (1.2 g). MS found:(M+H)⁺=290.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 2: A solution of benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-((Z)-prop-1-enyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (6.0 g, 20.7mmol) in methylene chloride (60 mL) was treated with imidazole (2.1 g)and cooled to 0° C. The resultant solution was charged withtert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (3.4 g, 22.8 mmol) and then stirred for18 h at 30° C. before being quenched with water. The organic phase wasseparated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride.The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatographyto afford benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((Z)-prop-1-enyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(6.0 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=404.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 3: A solution of benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((Z)-prop-1-enyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(0.3 g, 0.74 mmol) in 10 mL of 7:3 EtOH:EtOAc was charged with palladiumhydroxide and stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 22 h. The palladiumwas removed by filtration and the solution was charged with freshpalladium hydroxide before again being placed under hydrogen atmosphere(5 kg pressure). After 3 h, the mixture was filtered through celite withEtOAc washings and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved inDMF (3 mL) and the resultant solution was cooled to 0° C. before beingcharged successively with (S)-Cbz methionine (0.31 g, 1.1 mmol),N-methyl morpholine (0.24 mL, 2.2 mmol), and BOP reagent (0.48 g, 1.1mmol). The reaction was slowly warmed to 30° C. and then stirred for 12h before being quenched water. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, andthe combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatographyto afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-propylcyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(0.25 g). blah, blah. MS-found: (M+H)⁺=537.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 4: A sample of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-propylcyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(4.0 g, 7.45 mmol) was dissolved in iodomethane (8 mL) and stirred at30° C. for 3 days. The solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas dissolved in methylene chloride and the resultant solution wasconcentrated in vacuo again; this procedure was repeated twice beforethe residue was placed under high vacuum for 4 h. The resultant paleyellow foam solid was dissolved in THF (40 mL) and the resultantsolution was cooled to 0° C. before being treated with sodium hydride(0.9 g, 37 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was slowly warmed to 30° C.and stirred for 12 h before being quenched with saturated ammoniumchloride. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed withbrine, dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by flash chromatography to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(0.9 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=489.2.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 5: A sample of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(0.4 g, 0.82 mmol) was dissolved in 36 mL of 4:1:1 HOAc/THF/water andstirred at RT for 5 days. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and theresidue was dissolved in EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with sat.NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas dissolved in methylene chloride (4 mL) and the resultant solutionwas cooled to 0° C. and charged with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.54 g,1.27 mmol). After stirring for 2 h at RT, the solution was again cooledto 0° C. and charged with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.27 g). The reactionwas stirred at RT for 14 h and treated with Et₂O. The resultantsuspension was washed with 1 N NaOH, sat. Na₂S₂O₃, and sat. NaHCO₃. Theorganic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toafford benzyl(S)-2-oxo-1-((1S,2R)-4-oxo-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(114 mg). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=395.4.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 6: A sample of benzyl(S)-2-oxo-1-((1S,2R)-4-oxo-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(114 mg) was dissolved in Ti(OiPr)₄ (1.5 mL, 5.0 mmol) andtert-butylamine (0.14 mL, 1.8 mmol). The resultant solution was stirredat RT for 3 h before being cooled to 0° C. and charged successively withMeOH (2 mL) and NaBH₄ (22.8 mg, 0.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred for90 min while the solution slowly warmed to RT. The solution was dilutedwith methylene chloride (10 mL) and 0.5 N NaOH was added. The resultantsuspension was filtered through a pad of Celite with EtOAc washings andthe filtrate was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to affordbenzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R/S)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas an inseparable mixture of diastereomers. MS found: (M+H)⁺=430.5.

Examples 2t and 2u, Step 7: A sample of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R/S)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(110 mg) was dissolved in MeOH and the resultant solution was chargedwith 10% Pd/C, Degussa style (22 mg) before being evacuated and chargedwith hydrogen. The mixture was stirred for 14 h under 1 atm of hydrogenbefore being filtered through celite with EtOAc washings. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo to afford a residue (41 mg), which wasdissolved in EtOH. The resultant solution was charged with triethylamine(0.15 mL) and 4-chloro-6-trifluoromethylquinazoline before being heatedat 80° C. for 14 h. The reaction was cooled to RT and concentrated invacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with sat. NaHCO₃,water, and sat. NaCl. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by RP-HPLC to afford theTFA salt of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-oneas a white powder after lyopholization. MS found: (M+H)⁺=492.4. Thediastereomer of this product,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,was also isolated from RP-HPLC. MS found: (M+H)⁺=492.4.

Examples 2ai Synthesis of1-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea

Example 2ai, Step 1: A solution of(S)-3-amino-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one(33 mg, 0.11 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was treated withN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.66 mmol) and1-isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (0.05 mL, 0.33 mmol). Thereaction was stirred for 14 h at RT, diluted with water, and filtered.The resulting solution was purified directly by RP-HPLC to afford theTFA salt of the title compound as a white powder (12.3 mg) afterlyopholization. MS found: (M+H)⁺=483.4.

Examples 2aj Synthesis of1-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea

Example 2aj, Step 1: A solution of(S)-3-amino-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one(90 mg, 0.3 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was treated with3-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (0.061 mL, 0.46 mmol) and stirred for 10min at RT before being charged with sodium cyanoborohydride (60 mg, 0.92mmol). The reaction was stirred for 14 h at RT and quenched with sat.NaHCO₃. This mixture was extracted with EtOAc thrice and the organicextracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue by RP-HPLC affordedthe TFA salt of the title compound as a white powder (45 mg) afterlyopholization. MS found: (M+H)⁺=454.3.

Examples 2al and 2am Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-oneand(R)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Examples 2al and 2am, Step 1: To a solution of (S)-3-amino-1-((1S, 2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (100mg) in toluene (2 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (42 mg),acetato(2′-di-t-butylphosphino-1,1′-diphenyl-2-yl)palladium(II) (7.8mg), and 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (102.3 mg). The mixturewas heated at 80° C. for 14 h before it was filtered and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by chiral chromatography (OD column,80/20/0.1 hexane/iPrOH/Et₂NH as mobile phase) to afford(R)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one[8 mg; MS found: (M+H)⁺=491.3] and(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one[18 mg; MS found: (M+H)⁺=491.3].

Example 2bb Synthesis of3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-5-tert-butylbenzoicacid

Following the method described in Example 2c, Step 4,(S)-3-amino-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-2-one(223 mg) was coupled with 3-tert-butyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid(165 mg, see Preparation H6, Step 1) in 8 mL of DMF. After 14 h, 2 mL ofthis reaction mixture was removed and purified to provide Example 2ba.The remaining portion of the reaction mixture was charged successivelywith aq. LiOH (48 mg in 2 mL water) and MeOH (1 mL) before being stirredat RT for 14 h. The mixture was diluted with 2.0% TFA/water, filtered,and purified directly by RP-HPLC to afford the titled compound. MSfound: (M+H)⁺=500.4. TABLE 2-A The compounds in the following table weremade using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a completedescription of the table headings.

Step MS Example R⁵ R² Altered Data 2a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 568.3 2b i-Pr(Me)N

2a, Step 6 566.3 2c i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 554.4 2d i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 566.4 2e i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 468.3 2f i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 456.4 2g i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 458.4 2h i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 472.4 2i i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 457.4 2j i-Pr(Me)N

2i, Step 1 457.4 2k i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 492.4 2l i-Pr(Me)N

2k, Step 1 508.3 2m i-Pr(Me)N

2k, Step 1 458.3 2n i-Pr(Me)N

2k, Step 1 442.4 2o i-Pr(Me)N

2k, Step 1 482 2p i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 530 2q i-Pr(Me)N

2p, Step 1 525 2r i-Pr(H)N

n/a 444 2s i-Pr(Et)N

n/a 472 2t i-Bu(H)N

n/a 492.4 2u i-Bu(H)N [(S)- config.]

n/a 492.4 2v Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2k) 464.3 2w Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2k) 480.3 2x Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 444.3 2y Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 440.2 2z Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 430.3 2aa Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2p) 502.3 2ab Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 429.3 2ac Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 472.2 2ad Me₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2k) 454.3 2ae Et₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2k) 492.5 2af Et₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 (see 2k) 508.5 2ag Et₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 468.3 2ah Et₂N

2c, Steps 2 and 4 458.4 2ai i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 483.4 2aj i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 454.3 2ak i-Pr(Me)N

2aj 522.3 2al i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 491.3 2am (isomer of 1al) i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 491.3 2an i-Pr(Me)N

2i, Step 1 623.3 2ao i-Pr(Me)N

2i, Step 1 492.4 2ap i-Pr(Me)N

2i, Step 1 475.7 2aq i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 493.4 2ar i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 453 2as i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 453 2at i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 561 2au i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 524 2av i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 497 2aw i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 615 2ax i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 589 2ay i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 503 2az i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 483 2ba i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 514.5 2bb i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 500.4 2bc i-Pr(Me)N

2c, Step 4 474.4

TABLE 2-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 2-A are tabulated below. Example Name 2a N-{(3S)-1-[(1S, 2R,4R)-4-(Isopropyl-methyl- amino)-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2-(3-isopropyl-ureido)-5- trifluoromethyl-benzamide 2bAzetidine-1-carboxylic acid (2-{(3S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl-methyl-amino)-2-propyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamoyl}-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide 2c 1-{2-[((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl]-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl}-3-ethylurea2d 1-(2-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea 2e N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)- 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 2f 3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 2g 2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide 2h3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 2i 6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide 2j2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide 2k(S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-propylcyclohexyl]-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2l(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2m(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2n(S)-3-(6-fluoroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2o(S)-3-(6-tert-butylpyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin- 4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2p(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(2- methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2q 3-(4-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylamino)quinazolin-6- yl)benzonitrile 2r(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2s(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2t(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2u(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(tert-butylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2v(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2w(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2x3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide 2yN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide 2zN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide 2aa(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2ab6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide2ac 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 2ad(S)-3-(6-tert-butylpyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2ae(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(diethylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2af(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(diethylamino)-2- propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2agN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(diethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide2ah 2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(diethylamino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide 2ai 1-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea 2aj(S)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2ak(S)-3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 2al(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2am(R)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 2anN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(3- trifluoromethylsulfonamidophenyl)-benzamide2ao 4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-phenyl-benzamide 2ap N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-phenyl-benzamide 2aq N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-phenyl- isonicotinamide N-oxide 2arN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-3- carboxamide 2asN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-2- carboxamide 2atN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-(methylsulfonamido)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 2au 3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5- yl)benzamide 2avN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-methylthiazol-2- yl)benzamide 2awN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzamide 2ax5-isopropyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)- 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonamido)benzamide 2ay2-chloro-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)- 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 2az N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(thiazol-2- yl)benzamide 2ba methyl3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-5-tert- butylbenzoate 2bb3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-5-tert- butylbenzoic acid 2bc2-tert-butyl-1-oxo-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-propylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

Examples 3a-3e Example 3a Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-oneand its diastereomer,(S)-1-((1S,2S,4S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 3a, Step 1: N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (5.7 g) wassuspended in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition of2.0 M AlMe₃ (29.1 mL) in hexane. The mixture was warmed to rt over 1 h,then cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition of benzyl(1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ylcarbamate (8.0 g) inCH₂Cl₂ (80 mL). After 5 h at 0° C., the reaction was quenched with a 10%Rochelle salt solution and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organicextracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The resulting residue was dissolved in DMF (100 mL) priorto the addition of imidazole (1.97 g) and TBSCl (4.4 g). The reactionwas stirred for 12 h at rt and then partitioned between EtOAc and asaturated brine solution. The organic phases were combined, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-(methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(11.2 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=451.3.

Example 3a, Step 2: Benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-(methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(4.0 g) was dissolved in THF (40 mL) and cooled to −22° C. prior to theaddition of 1.6 M MeLi (14.5 mL) in Et₂O. After 40 min at −22° C., thereaction was quenched with 0.5 N HCl solution and extracted with EtOAc(2×). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-acetyl-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexylcarbamate(5.7 g). MS found: (M +H)⁺=406.3.

Example 3a, Step 3: Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1.2 g) wassuspended in toluene (16 mL) prior to the addition of 0.5M potassiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide (5.8 mL) in toluene. After 1 h, this solutionwas cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition of benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-acetyl-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexylcarbamate(660 mg) in toluene (5.4 mL). After 20 min at 0° C., the reaction wasquenched with saturated NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc (2×).The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flashchromatography to afford benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate(380 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=404.2.

Example 3a, Step 4: Benzyl(1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate(4.8 g) in MeOH (40 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (600 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated to provide(1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexanamine(2.9 g). MS (ES+)=272.3 (M+H)⁺.

Example 3a, Step 5:(1S,2S,4R)-4-(Tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexanamine(2.9 g) was dissolved in DMF (36 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to theaddition of N-Cbz methionine (5.5 g), 4-methyl morpholine (3.8 g), andBOP (8.7 g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h at rt and thenpartitioned between EtOAc and 1N HCl solution. The organic phases werecombined, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashchromatography to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(5.3 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=537.3.

Example 3a, Step 6: Benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(5.3 g) was dissolved in iodomethane (90 mL), and the resulting solutionwas stirred at rt for 72 h before being concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in methylene chloride, and the resulting solutionwas concentrated; this was repeated to afford the salt. MS found:(M+H)⁺=586.5. This material was dissolved in DMSO (30 mL) and thesolution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (12.7 g). After 6 h, the reaction waspartitioned between EtOAc and brine. The organic phase was dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate[580 mg; MS found: (M+H)⁺=375.3] and benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate[1.0 g; MS found: (M+H)⁺=489.4].

Example 3a, Step 7: Benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-isopropylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(1.0 g) was dissolved in a 4/1/1 mixture of AcOH/THF/H₂O (60 mL). After72 h, additional 4/1/1 mixture of AcOH/THF/H₂O (30 mL) was added. Thissolution was stirred an additional 24 h before it was concentrated. Theresidue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO₃, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(750 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=375.3.

Example 3a, Step 8: Benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(333 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to theaddition of Dess-Martin reagent (678.9 mg). This solution was warmed tort over 1 h, and then was cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition of moreDess-Martin reagent (260 mg). After 1 h at rt, the reaction was quenchedwith Et₂O and 1N NaOH. The organic extracts were combined, washed withsaturated Na₂S₂O₃ and NaHCO₃ solutions, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S)-2-isopropyl-4-oxocyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(350 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=373.4.

Example 3a, Step 9: Benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S)-2-isopropyl-4-oxocyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(350 mg) was dissolved in Ti(Oi-Pr)₄ (2 mL) prior to the addition ofiPr(Me)NH (642 mg). After 3 h, this solution was cooled to 0° C. priorto the addition of MeOH (3 mL) and NaBH₄ (66.8 mg). After 1 h at rt, thereaction was quenched with 0.5N NaOH solution and extracted with CH₂Cl₂(2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to a mixture of diastereomers benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R/S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(162.4 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=430.5.

Example 3a, Step 10: Benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R/S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(160 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (6 mL) prior to the addition of 20%Pd(OH)₂ (50 mg) in a Parr bottle. The bottle was evacuated and thenback-filled with hydrogen; this was repeated three more times. Thereaction was stirred under 60 psi of H₂ for 5 h and then filtered andconcentrated. The resulting residue was dissolved in MeOH (6 mL) priorto the addition of 20% Pd(OH)₂ (75 mg) in a Parr bottle. The bottle wasevacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; this was repeated threemore times. The reaction was stirred under 50 psi of H₂ for 24 h andthen filtered and concentrated to provide(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2S,4R/S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(101 mg). MS (ES+)=296.3 (M+H)⁺.

Example 3a, Step 11: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2S,4R/S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(85 mg) in EtOH (2.5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.2 mL) and4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (100.1 mg). The mixture washeated at 80° C. for 14 h before it was filtered and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by chiral chromatography (AD column,EtOH as mobile phase) to afford(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one[52 mg; MS found: (M+H)⁺=492.4] and(S)-1-((1S,2S,4S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one[8 mg; MS found: (M+H)⁺=492.4]. TABLE 3-A The compounds in the followingtable were made using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for acomplete description of the table headings.

Example R⁵ R² Step Altered MS Data 3a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 492 3b i-Pr(Me)N of (S) config.

See 3a 492 3c i-Pr(Me)N

3a, Step 11 508 3d i-Pr(Me)N

3a, Step 11 458 3e i-Pr(Me)N

3a, Step 11 457

TABLE 3-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 3-A are tabulated below. Example Name 3a(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 3b (S)-1-((1S,2S,4S)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 3c (S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 3d(S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1- ((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin- 2-one 3e6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-2-isopropyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide

Examples 4a-4d Example 4a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 4a, Step 1: (1R,2S,5R)-Tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(2.0 g) was dissolved in THF (50 mL) and water (15 mL) prior to theaddition of NaBH₄ (827 mg). After 5 h, the reaction was quenched withsaturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organicextracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(2.1 g). MS (ES+)=462.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4a, Step 2: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(2.0 g) was dissolved in THF (50 mL) prior to the addition of phenyldisulfide (190 mg) and n-Bu₃P (0.16 mL). The reaction was heated atreflux for 12 h. After cooling to rt, the reaction was concentrated. Theresulting residue was purified by flash chromatography to affordtert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(phenylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(200 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=554.4.

Example 4a, Step 3: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(phenylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(150 mg) was dissolved in EtOH (2 mL) prior to the addition of Raney2800 nickel (100 mg) in water. The reaction was heated at reflux for 12h. After cooling to rt, the reaction was concentrated. The resultingresidue was purified by flash chromatography to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylcyclohexylcarbamate(64 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=446.4.

Example 4a, Step 4: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylcyclohexylcarbamate(91 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) prior to the addition oftrifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated invacuo. The resultant residue was dissolved in MeOH (3 mL) and chargedwith acetone (0.15 mL). The mixture was stirred for 5 min before beingcharged with NaCNBH₃ (68 mg). The reaction was stirred for 4 h and thencharged with formaldehyde (0.5 mL of a 37% aq. solution). The mixturewas stirred for 1.5 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, and extracted withEtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered,and concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC(gradient elution, water/acetonitrile/TFAY to afford the TFA salt of(S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(81 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=388.3.

Example 4a, Step 5:(S)-3-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(47 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was charged with 20% Pd(OH)₂ (70 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated to provide(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(30 mg). MS (ES+)=268.3 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4a, Step 6:(S)-3-Amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(28 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) prior to the addition of3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (37 mg), 4-methyl morpholine (0.07 mL),and BOP (86 mg). The reaction was stirred for 1 h before it was directlypurified by reverse phase HPLC (gradient elution,water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford the TFA salt ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(6 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=440.4.

Example 4d Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 4d, Step 1: Following the procedures described in Example 2a,Steps 1-4, and substituting methyl triphenylphosphonium iodide in Step1,(1R,2S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester was converted to{(3S)-1-[(1S,2R,4R)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-ethyl-cyclohexyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester. A portion of this material (995 mg, 2.2 mmol) wasdissolved in 20 mL of 4:1 CH₂Cl₂/TFA. The resultant solution was stirredat RT for 3 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved inmethylene chloride and concentrated in vacuo; this procedure wasrepeated twice more to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-ethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=360.2.

Example 4d, Step 2: The benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-ethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(assumed 2.2 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (27 mL) and theresulting solution was charged successively with acetic acid (0.27 mL),acetone, and NaHB(OAc)₃ (1.15 g) before being heated to 50° C. for 18 h.The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved inacetonitrile. The resulting solution was charged successively withformaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction was concentratedin vacuo and purified via flash chromatography to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(607 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=416.3.

Example 4d, Step 3: A sample of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(100 mg) was dissolved in 2.5 mL of 33% HBr/AcOH and stirred for 25 minbefore being treated with Et₂O. A solid material appeared. The ether wasdecanted and the remaining solid was dried under vacuum to provide(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one,bis-HBr salt, as a white solid (43 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=283.2.

Example 4d, Step 4: A sample of the bis-HBr salt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(147 mg) was dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and the resulting solution wascharged with triethylamine (0.55 mL) and4-chloro-6-trifluoromethylquinazoline (183 mg) before being heated at80° C. for 14 h. The reaction was cooled and concentrated under reducedpressure, and the residue was partitioned between diethyl ether andwater. The organic phase was extracted twice with water. The combinedaqueous extracts were lyophilized and the resultant powder was purifiedby RP-HPLC to afford(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one.MS found: (M+H)⁺=478.4. TABLE 4-A The compounds in the following tablewere made using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for acomplete description of the table headings.

Example R¹ R² Step Altered MS Data 4a Me

n/a 440 4b Me

4a, Step 6 464 4c Me

4a, Step 6 480 4d Et

n/a 478

TABLE 4-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 4-A are tabulated below. Example Name 4a N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methylcyclohexyl)- 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 4b(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 4c(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 4d(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-ethyl-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Examples 5a-5l Example 5a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 5a, Step 1: A solution of(1R,2S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (2.0 g) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was treatedwith water (8 mL) and then with sodium borohydride (1.01 g). The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 5 h, then was treated with aqueoussodium hydroxide (1.0 M, 100 mL) and stirred for 60 min. The mixture wasextracted four times with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts werewashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodiumsulfate, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was recrystallizedfrom ethyl acetate-hexane to provide(1R,3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxy-carbonylamino-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester as a white solid (1.44 g). MS found:(M+H)⁺=379.28.

Example 5a, Step 2:(1R,3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexyl)carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (1.8 g) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (15mL). Iodomethane (50 mL) was added, followed by silver oxide (5.52 g),and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixturewas filtered through Celite and the solids were washed with ethylacetate. The filtrate was washed sequentially with water and brine,dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified byflash chromatography to provide(1R,3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methoxymethylcyclohexyl)carbamicacid tert-butyl ester as a colorless gum (1.78 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=393.

Example 5a, Step 3: A solution of(1R,3R,4S)-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methoxymethylcyclohexyl)carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (1.24 g) was dissolved in MeOH (20 mL) and theresultant solution was charged with 20 wt % Pd(OH)₂/C (300 mg) beforebeing evacuated and purged with hydrogen. The reaction was stirred under1 atm of H₂ for 3 h and then filtered through celite with EtOAcwashings. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide(1R,3R,4S)-(4-amino-3-methoxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butylester (815 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=259.2.

Example 5a, Step 4: A solution of(1R,3R,4S)-(4-amino-3-methoxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butylester (1.6 g, 6.2 mmol) in MeCN (30 mL) charged sequentially withN,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.2 mL, 12.4 mmol), N-Cbz Methionine (1.75 g,6.2 mmol), and HATU (2.59 g, 6.82 mmol). The reaction was stirredovernight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAcand washed with 1 N HCl, sat. NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organicphase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was chromatographed to provide(1R,3R,4S)-[4-(2S)-(2-benzyloxy-carbonylamino-4-methylsulfanylbutyrylamino)-3-methoxy-methylcyclohexyl]carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (1.74 g) as a white foam. MS found: (M+H)⁺=524.6.

Example 5a, Step 5: A sample of(1R,3R,4S)-[4-(2S)-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylsulfanylbutyrylamino)-3-methoxymethylcyclohexyl]carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (0.95 g, 1.82 mmol) was dissolved in iodomethane(50 mL) with vigorous mechanical action and the resulting solution wasstirred at RT for ca. 20 h before being concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in methylene chloride and the resultant solutionwas concentrated; this procedure was repeated twice more before thematerial was placed under high vacuum for 12 h. The product solid wasdissolved in THF (50 mL) and the resultant solution was cooled to 0° C.and charged with sodium hydride (218 mg, 9.1 mmol) in one portion. Thereaction was allowed to proceed for 2.5 h before being quenched withsat. NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were combined,dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified bychromatography to afford(3S)-[1-(1S,2R,4R)-(4-tert-butoxy-carbonylamino-2-methoxymethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamicacid benzyl ester (570 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=476.3.

Example 5a, Step 6: A sample of(3S)-[1-(1S,2R,4R)-(4-tert-butoxy-carbonylamino-2-methoxymethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamicacid benzyl ester (0.57 g) was subjected to the procedures described inExample 2c, Steps 1 and 2 to afford a crude product. This was purifiedby RP-HPLC to afford the TFA salt of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a white powder (415 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=432.4.

Example 5a, Step 7: A sample of the TFA salt of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(75 mg) was converted to(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(57 mg) using the method outlined in Example 5a, Step 3 (substitutingEtOH for MeOH as solvent). MS found: (M+H)⁺=298.3.

Example 5a, Step 8: Following the procedure outlined in 2c, Step 4, asample of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onewas converted to the title compound. Purification by RP-HPLC providedthe TFA salt ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamideas a white powder. MS found: (M+H)⁺=470.3.

Example 5j Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 5j, Step 1: Following the protocol described above in Example2a, Step 1, 1.3 g of tert-butyl(1R,2S,5R,7R/S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-7-hydroxy-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylatewas combined with a solution of ylide formed from 1.7 g of methyltriphenyl phosphonium iodide and 8.5 mL of 0.5 M KHMDS to afford[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(vinyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester after silica gel chromatography (0.50 g). MS found:(M+H)⁺=375.2

Example 5j, Step 2: The compound[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(vinyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (0.82 g, 2.2 mmol) was dissolved in THF (15 mL). Theresultant solution was cooled to 0° C. and charged with 9-BBN (11 mL ofa 0.5 M solution in THF). The mixture was stirred for 20 h at RT andthen quenched sequentially with aqueous sodium acetate (0.6 g in 1.5 mLwater) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (1.5 mL). This was stirred at RT for 14h and partitioned between EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃. The aqueous phase wasextracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic extracts were washed withbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by silica gel chromatography to afford[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(hydroxyethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (0.42 g) as a white foam. MS found: (M+H)⁺=393.

Example 5j, Step 3: A solution of[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(hydroxyethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (0.42 g, 1.07 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was charged withiodomethane (20 mL) and Ag₂O (1.24 g, 5.35 mmol) and stirred at RT for14 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with sat.NaHCO₃ and minimum EtOAc. The mixture was separated (organic on bottom).The aqueous was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic extractswere washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(methoxyethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (0.255 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=429.2.

Example 5j, Step 4: A sample of[(1S,2R,4R)-[4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(methoxyethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester was carried through the procedures detailed in 5,Steps 3-8 to afford the title compound,N-((S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide,as a white powder after RP-HPLC purification and lyopholization. MSfound: (M+H)⁺=484.4. TABLE 5-A The compounds in the following table weremade using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a completedescription of the table headings.

Step MS Example R¹ R² Altered Data 5a MeOCH₂

n/a 470.3 5b MeOCH₂

5a, Step 8 556.4 5c MeOCH₂

5a, Step 8 (See 2k) 494.3 5d MeOCH₂

5a, Step 8 (See 2k) 460.3 5e MeOCH₂

5a, Step 8 (See 2k) 510.3 5f MeOCH₂

5a, Step 8 (See 2k) 532.5 5g EtOCH₂

5a, Steps 2 & 8 484.4 5h EtOCH₂

5a, Steps 2 & 8 (See 2k) 508.4 5i EtOCH₂

5a, Steps 2 & 8 570.5 5j MeOCH₂CH₂

n/a 484.4 5k MeOCH₂CH₂

5j, final step 570.5 5l MeOCH₂CH₂

5j, final step (see 2k) 508.4

TABLE 5-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 5-A are tabulated below. Example Name 5aN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 5b 1-(2-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3- ethylurea 5c(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 5d (S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 5e(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 5f(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2- one 5gN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethoxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 5h(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethoxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 5i 1-(2-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethoxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-ethylurea 5jN-((S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 5k(S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 5l 1-(2-(((S)-1-((1S,2S,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3- ethylurea

Examples 6a-6k Example 6a Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 6a, Step 1: To a stirred solution of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(520 mg, 1.14 mmol) in THF (16 mL) at 0° C. was added 2.0 M ethylmagnesium choride in THF (1.7 mL, 3.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred for20 min at 0° C. and for 30 min at rt. After cooling to 0° C. thereaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (2×). Theorganic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the hemi-aminal as an oil.MS found: (M+H)⁺=488.1.

Example 6a, Step 2: To a solution of the hemi-aminal (1.27 mmol) of theStep 1 in THF (12 mL) and water (6 mL) was added NaBH₄ (85 mg, 2.25mmol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0° C. and for40 min at rt. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl, and the mixturewas extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined,washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.Purification of the residue via flash chromatography on silica gel withelution by 6:4, 7:3, then 8:2 EtOAc and hexane afforded two diasteromers(˜1:5 fast and slow isomers) of the desired((1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(1-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl)carbamicacid tert-buty ester as oils. MS found: (M+H)⁺=490.3.

Example 6a, Step 3: To a solution of the slow isomer of thehydroxypropyl compound (419 mg, 0.86 mmol) of the Step 2 in CH₂Cl₂(4 mL)was added trifluoroacetic acid (0.66 mL, 8.6 mmol), and the mixture wasstirred for 75 min. The acid and solvent were evaporated off, and theresidue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂. The solution was washed with sat.Na₂CO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to affordthe desired benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas an oil. MS found: (M+H)⁺=390.2.

Example 6a, Step 4: To a solution of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(0.86 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added acetone (0.6 mL), and the mixturewas stirred for 10 minutes. Then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (544 mg,2.58 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h at rt. At theend of the stirring 37% aq. HCHO (0.4 mL) was added, and the mixture wasstirred for 30 min at rt. Finally additional sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (181 mg, 0.86 mmol) was added, and the mixture wasstirred for 18 h at rt. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat.Na₂CO₃, and the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combinedextracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue via flashchromatography on silica gel with elution by 1:9:90 cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂afforded the desired benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(267 mg) as an oil.

Example 6a, Step 5: A solution of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(267 mg) in MeOH (15 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (˜100 mg).The reaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen;this was repeated two more times. The reaction was stirred under 60 psiof H₂ for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford thedesired(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(190 mg) as an oil.

Example 6a, Step 6: A solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(47.6 mg, 0.153 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was charged with4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (46.3 mg, 0.2 mmol) andtriethylamine (0.064 mL, 0.46 mmol). The mixture was heated for 30 minat 100° C. in the microwave oven. Solvent was evaporated off, and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with elutionby 0.8:7.2:92 cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to afford the titled compound1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(47.3 mg) as a solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=508.3

Example 6b Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

The slow isomer of the hydroxypropyl compound of the Example 6a, Step 2was converted to the titled compound1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,which is isomeric to the Example 6a at the hydroxyl group of the propylchain, by the methods described in the Example 6a, Steps 3-6. MS found:(M+H)⁺=508.3

Example 6c Synthesis ofN-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(47.6 mg, 0.153 mmol) in CH₃CN (2 mL) were added triethylamine (0.08 mL,0.46 mmol), 3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (38 mg, 0.2. mmol), and TBTU(73.7 mg, 0.23 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 8 h at rt. Thereaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, and washed with 1N—NaOH andwater. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gelwith elution by 0.8:7.2:92 cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to afford the titledcompoundN-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-((R)-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(38.5 mg) as a solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.3.

Example 6f Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

The titled compound1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-onewas prepared by the methods described in the Example 6a, Steps 1-6starting from (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylateusing methylmagnesium bromide instead of ethylmagnesium chloride in theStep 1. MS found: (M+H)⁺=494.3.

Example 6g Synthesis ofN-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

The titled compoundN-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidewas prepared by the methods described in the Example 6c using(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one,which was prepared in the Step 5 of the Example 6f. MS found:(M+H)⁺=470.3.

Example 6h Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

To a solution of((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate (Example 7a, 4 mg) in MeOH (1 mL) was added 1N—NaOH (0.1mL), and the mixture was stirred for 9 h at rt. After neutralizing withsat. NH₄Cl, it was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined extracts werewashed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel withelution by 0.8:7.2:92 cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to afford the titled compound1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one.MS found: (M+H)⁺=480.2.

Example 6i Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 6i, Step 1: To 3M-methylmagnesium bromide in ether (1.1 mL, 3.3mmol) at 0° C. was added a solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(295 mg, 0.66 mmol) in THF dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 2.5h at 0˜10° C. and for 40 min at 10˜25° C. The reaction was quenched byaddition of sat. NH₄Cl, and the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×).The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashchromatography on silica gel with elution by 0.8:7.2:92cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to afford the desired product benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(164 mg) and the recovered starting material (119 mg).

Example 6i, Step 2: A solution of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(224 mg) in MeOH (15 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (˜100 mg).The reaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen;this was repeated two more times. The reaction was stirred under 60 psiof H₂ for 7 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford thedesired(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-oneas an oil. MS found: (M+H)⁺=312.2.

Example 6i, Step 3: By the methods described in Example 6a, Step 6,(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onewas converted to the desired1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one.MS found: (M+H)⁺=508.3.

Example 6j Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

By the methods described in Example 6c,(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onewas converted to the desiredN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide.MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.4. TABLE 6-A The compounds in the following tablewere made using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for acomplete description of the table headings.

Example R^(6′) R^(6″) R² Step Altered MS Data 6a H Et

n/a 508.3 6b H Et

n/a 508.3 6c H Et

n/a 484.3 6d H Et

6c, Step 6 474.4 6e H Et

6c, Step 6 516.3 6f H Me

n/a 494.3 6g H Me

n/a 470.3 6h H H

n/a 480.2 6i Me Me

n/a 508.3 6j Me Me

n/a 484.4 6k Me Me

6j, Step 3 474.4

TABLE 6-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 6-A are tabulated below. Example Name 6a1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 6b 1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(diastereomer (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- of 6a)(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 6cN-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 6d N-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-(tert-butyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide 6e5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1- hydroxypropyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 6f1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 6g N-(1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 6h 1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 6i 1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 6j N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)- 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide 6k 6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl) picolinamide

Examples 7a-7f Example 7a Synthesis of((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate

Example 7a, Step 1: To a solution of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(4.55 g, 9.94 mmol) in THF (50 mL) and water (50 mL) was added NaBH₄,and the mixture was stirred for 5 h at rt. After quenching the reactionwith sat. NaHCO₃, the product was extracted with EtOAc (2×). Thecombined extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to give an oily residue, which crystallized upontritulation with 4:6 EtOAc and hexane to provide pure((1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (2.61 g).

Example 7a, Step 2: To a solution of the hydroxymethyl compound (2.61 g,5.66 mmol) of the Step 1 in CH₂Cl₂(22 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid(4.36 mL, 56.6 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. Theacid and solvent were evaporated off, and the residue was dissolved inEtOAc The solution was neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃, and EtOAc and waterwere evaporated off in vacuo. The solid residue was treated in MeOH andfiltered. The filtrate was evaporated to give the desired benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a waxy solid.

Example 7a, Step 3: To a solution of the crude product of the Step 2 indichloroethane (52 mL) was added acetone (4.5 mL), and the mixture wasstirred for 1 h at rt. Then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.9 g, 18.4mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 16 h at rt. A largeamount of solid stayed out of the solution. At the end of the stirring37% aq. HCHO (2.9 mL) was added, and MeOH (20 mL) was also added to makethe solution homogeneous. After stirring for 1 h additional sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (2 g, 9.4 mmol) was added, and the mixture wasstirred for 2 h at rt. Then another 2 g portion of triacetoxyborohydride(9.4 mmol) was added and stirring continued for 20 h. The reaction wasquenched by addition of sat. Na₂CO₃, and the product was extracted withEtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby column chromatography on silica gel with elution by 1:9:90cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to afford 0.8 g of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate,MS found: (M+H)⁺=418.2, and 1.1 g of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateMS found: (M+H)⁺=390.2, as crystals.

Example 7a, Step 4: To a stirred solution of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(300 mg, 0.77 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) were added isobutyryl chloride(0.16 mL, 1.54 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (20 mg) and themixture was stirred for 4 h at rt. The reaction was quenched by additionof MeOH (several drops) and stirring for 30 min. Then the volatilematerials were evaporated off and the residue was partitioned betweenEtOAc and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (6×), andthe combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to afford((1R,2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate as an oil.

Example 7a, Step 5: A solution of the crude product of Step 4((1R,2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate (0.77 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C,Degussa (˜100 mg). The reaction flask was evacuated and then back-filledwith hydrogen; this was repeated two more times. The reaction wasstirred under 60 psi of H₂ for 4 h, and then filtered and concentratedin vacuo to afford the desired((1R,2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate as an oil.

Example 7a, Step 6: By the methods described in Example 6a, Step 6,((1R,2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate was converted to the desired((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate. MS found: (M+H)⁺=550.4.

Example 7b Synthesis of((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate

By the methods described in Example 6c,((1R,2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate was converted to the desired((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate. MS found: (M+H)⁺=526.3.

Example 7d Synthesis of((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline-4-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate

By the methods described in Example 7a, Steps 4-6,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate,a product of Example 7a, Step 3, was converted to the desired((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline-4-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate. MS found: (M+H)⁺=522.3.

Example 7e Synthesis of((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate

By the methods described in Example 6c,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate,a product of Example 7a, Step 3, was converted to the desired((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate. MS found: (M+H)⁺=498.3. TABLE 7-A The compounds in thefollowing table were made using the methods exemplified above. See Table1-A for a complete description of the table headings.

Step MS Example R⁵ R⁶ R² Altered Data 7a iPr iPr

n/a 550.4 7b iPr iPr

n/a 526.3 7c iPr iPr

7b, Step 6 518.4 7d Me iPr

n/a 522.3 7e Me iPr

n/a 498.3 7f Me iPr

7e, Step 6 490.4

TABLE 7-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 7-A are tabulated below. Example Name 7a((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl isobutyrate 7b((1R,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(2- oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate 7c ((1R,2S,5R)-2-(3-(3-tert-butyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)methyl isobutyrate 7d((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline-4-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl isobutyrate 7e((1R,2S,5R)-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexyl)methylisobutyrate 7f ((1R,2S,5R)-2-(3-(3-tert-butyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl)methyl isobutyrate

Examples 8a-8s Example 8a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 8a, Step 1:(1R,2S,5R)-2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (500 mg, 1.3 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL)and water (2.2 mL) prior to the addition of NaBH₄ (252.4 mg). After 5 h,the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extractedwith EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(505 mg). MS (ES+)=375.4 (M+H)⁺.

Example 8a, Step 2: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(500 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 mL) prior to the addition of Et₃N(186.9 mg). After cooling to 0° C., methanesulfonyl chloride (196.7 mg)was added dropwise. The solution was warmed to rt over 1 h before it wasquenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×).The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to afford((1R,2S,5R)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate (MS (ES+)=457.4 (M+H)⁺) as a foam. This was immediatelydissolved in DMF and added dropwise into a flask containing sodiumthiomethoxide (370 mg) in DMF (7 mL) and water (0.5 mL) at 10° C. After20 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution andextracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was dissolvedin MeOH (15 mL) and water (4 mL). After cooling to 0° C., oxone (2.1 g)was added. This was stirred for 5 h before it was filtered andconcentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography toprovide tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(348 mg). MS (ES+)=441.2 (M+H)⁺.

Example 8a, Step 3: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(5.5 g) in MeOH (40 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (800 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 3 h and then filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue wasdissolved in DMF (41 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to the addition ofN-Cbz methionine (6.35 g), 4-methyl morpholine (4.4 g), and BOP (9.92g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitioned betweenEtOAc and 1N HCl solution. The organic phases were combined, washed withsaturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to affordtert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(6.9 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=572.4.

Example 8a, Step 4: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(6.9 g) was dissolved in iodomethane (100 mL), and the resultingsolution was stirred at rt for 72 h before being concentrated in vacuo.The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride, and the resultingsolution was concentrated; this was repeated to afford the salt. MSfound: (M+H)⁺=586.5. This material was dissolved in DMF (20 mL) and thesolution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (12.0 g). After 12 h, the reaction waspartitioned between EtOAc and brine. The organic phase was dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(2.4 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=524.3.

Example 8a, Step 5: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(835 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (800 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 2 h and then filtered and concentrated to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(566 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=390.3.

Example 8a, Step 6: 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (252.4 mg) wasdissolved in DMF (5 mL) and 4-methyl morpholine (0.42 mL) was addedprior to the addition of BOP (511 mg). After 10 min, tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(300 mg) was added. The reaction was stirred for 1 h before it waspartitioned between EtOAc and 1N HCl solution. The organic phases werecombined, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashchromatography to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate(560 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=562.2.

Example 8a, Step 7: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate(560 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) prior to the addition oftrifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated invacuo. The resultant residue was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and chargedwith acetone (0.6 mL) and NaOAc (316 mg). The mixture was stirred for 5min before being charged with NaCNBH₃ (261 mg). The reaction was stirredfor 4 h and then charged with formaldehyde (˜0.3 mL of a 37% aq.solution). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃,and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by reversephase HPLC (gradient elution, water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford the TFAsalt ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(347 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=504.2.

Example 8p Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 8p, Step 1: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(714 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) prior to the addition oftrifluoroacetic acid (7 mL). After 1 h at rt, the reaction wasconcentrated in vacuo. This residue was dissolved in MeOH (15 mL) andcharged with acetone (1.0 mL) and NaOAc (558 mg). The mixture wasstirred for 5 min before being charged with NaCNBH₃ (461 mg). Thereaction was stirred for 2 h and then charged with formaldehyde (0.5 mLof a 37% aq. solution) and NaCNBH₃ (461 mg). The mixture was stirred for1 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc (2×). Theorganic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to afford the benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(1.5 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=466.4.

Example 8p, Step 2: The material from above benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(600 mg) was dissolved in 33% HBr/AcOH (10 mL) at rt. The solution wasstirred for 30 min before Et₂O was added. This resulted in a precipitatewhich was isolated to afford the bis-hydrogen bromide salt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(525 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=346.5.

Example 8p, Step 3: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(100 mg) in EtOH (5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.14 mL) and4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (68.7 mg). The mixture washeated at 80° C. for 14 h before it was filtered and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (gradient elution,water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(30 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=542.6. TABLE 8-A The compounds in thefollowing table were made using the methods exemplified above. See Table1-A for a complete description of the table headings.

Step MS Example R⁵ R² Altered Data 8a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 518 8b i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 549 8c i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 510 8d i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 507 8e i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 519 8f i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 527 8g i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 7 532 8h tert- BuCH₂(H)N

8a, Step 7 532 8i i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 532 8j i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 552 8k i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 506 8l i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 526 8m i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 528 8n i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 536 8o i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 534 8p i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 542 8q i-Pr(Me)N

8p, Step 3 508 8r i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 586 8s i-Pr(Me)N

8a, Step 6 518

TABLE 8-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 8-A are tabulated below. Example Name 8aN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8b2-amino-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide 8c 3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- (methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide 8d6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide 8eN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)picolinamide 8fN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-phenylpicolinamide 8gN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8hN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(neopentylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8iN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8j 4-chloro-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- (methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8k3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 8l3-phenyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 8mN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-phenylpyrazine-2- carboxamide 8n3-fluoro-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8oN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide 8p(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 8q (S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2- one 8rN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 8s 3,5-dichloro-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- (methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide

Examples 9a-9m Example 9a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 9a, Step 1:((1R,2S,5R)-2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate (12.1 g) was dissolved in DMF (50 mL) and HMPA (25 mL)at 0° C. prior to the addition of sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (6.3g) in DMF (50 mL). After warming to rt, the reaction was quenched withcold water and 15 extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic extracts werecombined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated.The residue was purified by flash chromatography to provide tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(tert-butylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(13.0 g). MS (ES+)=451.4 (M+H)⁺.

Example 9a, Step 2: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(tert-butylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(12.1 g) was dissolved in MeOH (120 mL) and water (60 mL). After coolingto 0° C., oxone (41.0 g) was added. This was stirred for 5 h before itwas filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flashchromatography to provide tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(7.35 g). MS (ES+)=483.3 (M+H)⁺.

Example 9a, Step 3: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(7.3 g) in MeOH (80 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (5.0 g). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 3 h and then filtered and concentrated to provide tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(tert-butylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (5.0 g).MS (ES+)=349.3 (M+H)⁺.

Example 9a, Step 4: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(tert-butylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (4.8 g)was dissolved in DMF (40 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to the additionof N-Cbz methionine (4.3 g), 4-methyl morpholine (7.6 g), and BOP (7.9g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitioned betweenEtOAc and 1N HCl solution. The organic phases were combined, washed withsaturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to affordtert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(8.4 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=614.4.

Example 9a, Step 5: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(6.2 g) was dissolved in iodomethane (60 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL). Theresulting solution was stirred at rt for 72 h before being concentratedin vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride, and theresulting solution was concentrated; this was repeated to afford thesalt. This material was dissolved in DMF (60 mL) and the solution wascharged with Cs₂CO₃ (13.2 g). After 12 h, the reaction was partitionedbetween EtOAc and brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered,and concentrated to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(5.5 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=566.5.

Example 9a, Step 6: Tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(880 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. prior to the additionof trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL). After 1 h at rt, the reaction wasconcentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue was dissolved in EtOAc andwas washed with sat. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. This residue was dissolved indichloroethane (6 ml) and acetone (6 mL) prior to the addition ofNaBH(OAc)₃ (637.6 mg). After 2 h, formaldehyde (6.0 mL of a 37% aq.solution) was added along with NaBH(OAc)₃ (310 mg). The mixture wasstirred for 1 h, quenched with sat. Na₂CO₃, and extracted with EtOAc(2×). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to afford benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (1.0 g). MSfound: (M+H)⁺=522.5.

Example 9a, Step 7: The material from above benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(1.0 g) was dissolved in 33% HBr/AcOH (5 mL) at rt. The solution wasstirred for 30 min before Et₂O was added. This resulted in a precipitatewhich was isolated. The solid was dissolved in EtOAc and was washed withsat. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to afford(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(250 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=388.4.

Example 9a, Step 8:(S)-3-Amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(23 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1.5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. prior to theaddition of 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (23 mg), 4-methylmorpholine (0.02 mL), and BOP (49 mg). The reaction was stirred for 12 hat RT and then partitioned between EtOAc and saturated Na₂CO₃ solution.The organic phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC(gradient elution, water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford the TFA salt ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(8 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=578.3.

Example 9j Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 9j, Step 1: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onebis-hydrogen bromide (100 mg) in EtOH (2 mL) was added triethylamine(0.076 mL) and 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (63 mg). Themixture was heated at 80° C. for 6 h before it was filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC(gradient elution, water/acetonitrile/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(63 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=584.6. TABLE 9A The compounds in the followingtable were made using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for acomplete description of the table headings.

Step MS Example R⁵ R² Altered Data 9a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 578 9b i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 561 9c i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 560 9d i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 549 9e i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 576 9f i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 578 9g i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 591 9h i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 575 9i i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 585 9j i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 584 9k i-Pr(Me)N

9j, Step 1 550 9l i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 564 9m i-Pr(Me)N

9a, Step 8 569.5

TABLE 9-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 9-A are tabulated below. Example Name 9aN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 9b N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-6- (trifluoromethyl)picolinamide 9cN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 9d 6-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide 9e N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide 9fN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 9g 2-amino-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide 9h3-amino-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 9i N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-phenylnicotinamide N- oxide 9j(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 9k (S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 9l3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert- butylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide 9m N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-phenylnicotinamide

Examples 10a-10m Example 10a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 10a, Step 1: To a solution ofN-(1S,2R,4R)-4-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (440 mg, 1.16 mmol, See Example 5a, Step 1) in 20mL of CH₂Cl₂ cooled to 0° C. was added Et₃N (0.3 mL, 2 mmol) and MsCl(0.1 mL, 1.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hbefore water was added. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×25mL) and concentrated to an oil for further use. In a separate flask,propane-2-thiol (0.22 mL, 2.3 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of DMF,cooled to 0° C., and followed by NaH (93 mg, 2.32 mmol). The reactionmixture was stirred at rt for 2 h before a solution of the just preparedoil in 10 mL of DMF was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at rt for16 h before water and EtOAc were added. The organic layer was separated,dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to afford an oil which was purifiedby colum chromatography on silica gel with EtOAc:hexane (30:70) to giveN-(1S,2R,4R)-4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-isopropylsulfanylmethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (160 mg, 33%). MS [M+H]⁺437.

Example 10a, Step 2 To a soultion ofN-(1S,2R,4R)-4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-isopropylsulfanylmethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (1 g, 2.3 mmol) in iPrOH (20 mL) at rt was addedOxone (2.8 g, 4.6 mmol) in water (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at rtfor 16 h before water and EtOAc were added. The organic layer wasseparated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to afford to crudeN-(1S,2R,4R)-4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (900 mg, 90%). MS [M+H]⁺469.

Example 10a, Step 3: A solution ofN-(1S,2R,4R)-4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (2 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C,Degussa (1.5 g). The reaction flask was evacuated and then back-filledwith hydrogen; this was repeated three more times. The reaction wasstirred under 1 atm of H₂ for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated invacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1 g).MS found: (M+H)⁺=335.

Example 10a, Step 4: A sample of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1 g,2.9 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL), and the resultant solution wascharged with N-Cbz methionine (850 mg, 2.9 mmol), N,N-diethylisopropylamine (0.5 mL, 2.9 mmol), and HATU (1.1 g, 2.9 mmol).The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitioned betweenEtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted with EtOAc(1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1.4 g, 82%). MS found: (M+H)⁺=599.

Example 10a, Step 5: The compound benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1.4 g) was “wetted” with EtOAc, and then the majority of EtOAc wasremoved under nitrogen stream. The residue was dissolved in iodomethane(20 mL), and the resulting solution was stirred at RT for 48 h beforebeing concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methylenechloride, and the resulting solution was concentrated; this was repeatedto afford the salt. MS found: (M+H)⁺=616. This material was dissolved inDMF (20 mL) and the solution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (2.2 g) and stirredfor 12 h at RT before being partitioned between EtOAc and brine. Theorganic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by flash chromatography to affordbenzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(185 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=552.

Example 10a, Step 6: A solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (250 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 12 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to affordtert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=418.

Example 10a, Step 7: A sample of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(200 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was charged with3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (109 mg, 0.57 mmol),N,N-diethylisopropylamine (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol), and HATU (216 mg, 0.57mmol). The reaction was stirred for 48 h at RT and then partitionedbetween EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted withEtOAc (1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=590.

Example 10a, Step 8: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamatein CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL). After 1h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, and the resultant residue waspartitioned between EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was washedwith brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toafford the amine. MS found: (M+H)⁺=490. The amine (30 mg, 0.06 mmol) wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and charged with acetone (˜2 mL); themixture was stirred for 5 min before being charged with NaCNBH₃ (50 mg,0.12 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 4 h at RT and then charged withformaldehyde (2 mL of a 30% aq. Solution). The mixture was stirred for1.5 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc (2 ×). Theorganic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reversephase HPLC to afford the TFA salt of the title compound,N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide,as a white powder (15 mg) after lyopholization. MS found: (M+H)⁺=546.

Example 10b Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 10b, Step 1: To a solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added TFA (6 mL) at RT. The reaction wasstirred for 5 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitionedbetween 1N NaOH (100 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL). The aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL) and the organic phases were combined,washed with brine (25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo to give benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=452.

Example 10b, Step 2: The entirety of benzyl benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 1 (1 eq) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The resultantsolution was charged with acetone (10 eq) and stirred at RT for 10 minbefore sodium cyanoborohydride (2 eq) was added in one portion. Thereaction was stirred at RT for 10 h and then charged successively withformaldehyde (10 eq in 37 wt % aq soln) and sodium cyanoborohydride (2eq). The reaction was stirred for another 9 h at RT and then quenchedwith sat. NaHCO₃. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL,then 2×75 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine (30mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. After theresulting oil stood, some paraformaldehyde-related products solidified;these were removed by dissolving the mixture in a minimal volume ofEtOAc and filtering. Subsequent concentration provided benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=508.

Example 10b, Step 3: The entirety of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 2 (250 mg, 0.5 mmol) was charged with 30% HBr/AcOH (5mL). The reaction vessel warms and a vigorous gas evolution occurs. Themixture was stirred for 25 min at RT and then the flask was placed in acool water bath before the addition of 20 mL of Et₂O. The resultingsolid was collected, washed with Et₂O twice, and concentrated in vacuoto give(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(240 mg, 91% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=374.

Example-10b, Step 4: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(75 mg, 0.14 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.84mmol) and 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (39 mg, 0.16 mmol).The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 14 h and then concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by HPLC to provide the title compound,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(35 mg, 44% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=570.

Example 10c Synthesis of3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide

Example 10c, Step 1: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(40 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.1mL, 0.6 mmol), 3-tert-butyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (18mg, 0.1 mmol) and HATU (38 mg, 0.1 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RTfor 14 h, partially concentrated, and purified by RP-HPLC to affor 20 mgof the title compound. MS found: (M+H)⁺=538. TABLE 10A The compounds inthe following table were made using the methods exemplified above. SeeTable 1-A for a complete description of the table headings.

Ex- Step MS ample R⁵ R² Altered Data 10a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 546 10b i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 570 10c i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 538 10d Pyrrolidine

10a, Step 8 544 10e i-Pr(Me)N

10a, Step 6 534 10f i-Pr(Et)N

10b, Step 1 584 10g i-Pr(Et)N

10a, Steps 6 and 8 548 10h i-Pr(Pr)N

10a, Steps 6 and 8 562 10i i-Pr(Me)N

10b, Step 586 10j i-Pr(Et)N

10b, Steps 2 and 4 600 10k i-Pr(Et)N

10b, Step 2 584 10l i-Pr(Me)N

10a, Step 6 531 10m i-Pr(Et)N

10b, Steps 2 & 4 (See 10c) 560

TABLE 10-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 10-A are tabulated below. Example Name 10a N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- (isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide 10b(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 10c3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide 10dN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2- (isopropylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide 10e3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 10f(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 10g3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 10h3-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(propyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide 10i(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 10j(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 10k(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 10lN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-2- carboxamide 10mN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4- (ethyl(isopropyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(2H-tetrazol-5- yl)benzamide

Examples 11a-11e Example 11a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 11a, Step 1: To a solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (5.60 g, 14.7mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (32 mL) at 0° C. was added NEt₃ (4.73 g, 44.2 mmol), andmethanesulfonyl chloride (1.71 mL, 22.1 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere, thencooled to 0° C. and quenched with satd NH₄Cl (200 mL). The organic layerwas washed with satd NaHCO₃ (250 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄),and concentrated in vacuo to give the intermediate as a yellow foam andused without futher purification for next step: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 4.85-4.83 (m, 2H), 4.39 (s, 1H),4.17-3.96 (m, 3H), 3.70-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.96 (s, 3H),2.10-0.94 (m, 7H), 1.44 (s, 9H); ESI MS m/z 457 [C₂₁H₃₄N₂O₇S+H]⁺.

A solution of ethanethiol (908 μL, 12.3 mmol) and anhyd DMF (31 mL) wascooled to 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, then sodium hydride (60%dispersion in mineral oil; 491 mg, 12.3 mmol) was added. To thismixture, a solution of the intermediate just prepared above (2.80 g, 6.1mmol) in anhyd DMF (30 mL) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture waswarmed to room temperature, stirred for 12 h, cooled back to 0° C., andquenched with satd NH₄Cl (200 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc(500 mL) and the organic layer was washed with 5% LiCl (2×250 mL), dried(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to give benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (3.00 g). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.61-7.20 (m, 5H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.45-4.30 (m,1H), 4.12-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.35 (m, 1H) 2.78-2.41 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.25(m, 1H), 2.20-0.72 (m, 9H), 1.44 (s, 9H) ; ESI MS m/z 423[C₂₂H₃₄N₂O₄S+H]⁺.

Example 11a, Step 2: To a solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (3.00 g, 6.13mmol) in 2-PrOH (16 mL) at 0° C. was added a suspension of Oxone® (23.0g, 36.8 mmol) in water (30 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 12 h, then diluted with water (200 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×250 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residueby column chromatography (silica gel, 50 g, EtOAc) gavebenzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1.89 g,68%) as a white solid: mp 54-58° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.60-7.32(m, 5H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.90-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.07-3.98(m, 1H), 3.58-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.08-2.88 (m, 2H),2.72-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.08-0.80 (m, 8H), 1.43 (s, 9H);ESI MS m/z 455 [C₂₂H₃₄N₂O₆S+H]⁺; HPLC 95.7% (area percent), t_(R)=3.76min.

Example 11a, Step 3: A portion of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1.7 g) inMeOH (30 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (300 mg). The reactionflask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; this wasrepeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm of H₂for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1.1 g).MS found: (M+H)⁺=321.

Example 11a, Step 4: A sample of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1.1 g,3.4 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL), and the resultant solution wascharged with N-Cbz methionine (1.15 g, 4.08 mmol), N,N-diethylisopropylamine (0.7 mL, 4.08 mmol), and HATU (1.55 g, 4.08mmol). The reaction was stirred for 12 h at RT and then partitionedbetween EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted withEtOAc (1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash chromatography to afford benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(2.2 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=586.

Example 11a, Step 5: The compound benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(3.4 mmol) was “wetted” with EtOAc, and then the majority of EtOAc wasremoved under nitrogen stream. The residue was dissolved in iodomethane(20 mL), and the resulting solution was stirred at RT for 48 h beforebeing concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methylenechloride, and the resulting solution was concentrated; this was repeatedto afford the salt. MS found: (M+H)⁺=602. This material was dissolved inDMF (20 mL) and the solution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (3.3 g, 10.2 mmol)and stirred for 12 h at RT before being partitioned between EtOAc andbrine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to affordbenzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=538.

Example 11a, Step 6: A solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was charged with 10% Pd/C, Degussa (250 mg). Thereaction flask was evacuated and then back-filled with hydrogen; thiswas repeated three more times. The reaction was stirred under 1 atm ofH₂ for 12 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to affordtert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=404.

Example 11a, Step 7: A sample of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(100 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was charged with3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (57 mg, 0.29 mmol),N,N-diethylisopropylamine (0.05 mL, 0.29 mmol), and HATU (114 mg, 0.29mmol). The reaction was stirred for 48 h at RT and then partitionedbetween EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃; the aqueous phase was back extracted withEtOAc (1×). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=578.

Example 11a, Step 8: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-3-(etylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexylcarbamate(0.25 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (4mL). After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, and theresultant residue was partitioned between EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃. Theorganic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the amine. MS found: (M+H)⁺=476. Theamine (0.25 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and charged withacetone (˜2 mL); the mixture was stirred for 5 min before being chargedwith NaCNBH₃ (1 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 4 h at RT and thencharged with formaldehyde (2 mL of a 30% aq. Solution). The mixture wasstirred for 1.5 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc(2×). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby reverse phase HPLC to afford the TFA salt of the title compound,N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide,as a white powder (42 mg) after lyopholization. MS found: (M+H)⁺=532.

Example 11b Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 11b, Step 1: To a solution of benzyloxycarbonyl tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added TFA (6 mL) at RT. The reaction wasstirred for 5 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitionedbetween 1N NaOH (100 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL). The aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL) and the organic phases were combined,washed with brine (25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo to give benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=438.

Example 11b, Step 2: The entirety of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 1 (1 eq) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The resultantsolution was charged with acetone (10 eq) and stirred at RT for 10 minbefore sodium cyanoborohydride (2 eq) was added in one portion. Thereaction was stirred at RT for 10 h and then charged successively withformaldehyde (10 eq in 37 wt % aq soln) and sodium cyanoborohydride (2eq). The reaction was stirred for another 9 h at RT and then quenchedwith sat. NaHCO₃. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL,then 2×75 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine (30mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and, concentrated in vacuo. After theresulting oil stood, some paraformaldehyde-related products solidified;these were removed by dissolving the mixture in a minimal volume ofEtOAc and filtering. Subsequent concentration provided benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=494.

Example 11b, Step 3: The entirety of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateprepared in Step 2 (250 mg) was charged with 30% HBr/AcOH (5 mL). Thereaction vessel warms and a vigorous gas evolution occurs. The mixturewas stirred for 25 min at RT and then the flask was placed in a coolwater bath before the addition of 20 mL of Et₂O. The resulting solid wascollected, washed with Et₂O twice, and concentrated in vacuo to give(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(150 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=360.

Example 11b, Step 4: To a solution of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(50 mg, 0.1 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added triethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.6mmol) and 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (27 mg, 0.11 mmol).The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 14 h and then concentrated invacuo. The residue was pjurified by HPLC to provide the title compound,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(35 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=556. TABLE 11A The compounds in the followingtable were made using the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for acomplete description of the table headings.

Step MS Example R⁵ R² Altered Data 11a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 532 11b i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 556 11c i-Pr(Me)N

11a, Step 6 540 11d i-Pr(Me)N

11a, Step 6 561 11e i-Pr(Me)N

11a, Step 6 564

TABLE 11-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 11-A are tabulated below. Example Name 11aN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 11b(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3-(6- (trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 11cN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(phenyl)benzamide 11dN-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2-(ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-methylthiazol-2- yl)benzamide 11e3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-2- (ethylsulfonylmethyl)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)-5-tert- butylbenzoic acid

Examples 12a-12bh Example 12a Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 12a, Step 1: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-(benzyloxycarbonyl-amino)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(9.6 g, 0.025 mmol) in methanol was treated with 2.5 g of 10% Pd/C andhydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. The mixure wasfiltered and the filtrate was concentrated in-vacuo to give an oilconsisting of a mixture of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-amino-5-(tert-butoxy-carbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate and(1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-amino-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate. This was usedwithout further purification. LCMS found two peaks: (M+H)⁺=273 and(M+H−BOC)⁺=141.

Example 12a, Step 2: A solution of crude amine from step 1 above inCH₂Cl₂ was treated with CBZ-L-Met (8.49 g, 0.03 mol), EDCI (5.7 g, 0.03mol), HOBT (4.1 g, 0.03 mol), Et₃N (3.0 g 0.03 mol), and the resultingreaction solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolution was washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo and the residue chromatographed on silica gel(50-70% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 5.5 grams (40% yield) of(1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylthio)propanamido)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylateas a solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=538.

Example 12a, Step 3: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylthio)propanamido)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylatein MeI (and minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂) was stirred 24 h at roomtemperature before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue wastiturated with hexane and-resulting suspension was concentrated; thiswas repeated several times to afford 7 g of the salt as a white solid.MS found: (M+H)⁺=552.2. This material was dissolved in DMF (75 mL) andthe solution was charged with Cs₂CO₃ (6.6 g, 20 mmol) and stirred at RTfor 20 h. The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of ice/1 N HClwhile stirring and then further diluted with water (total volume 1 L).The solid that precipitated was filtered and air dried to give 1.6 g(30% yield) of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylatewhich was used without further purification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=490.3.

Example 12a, Step 4: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylatein CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was treated with TFA (15 mL) and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo andthe residue dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with NaHCO_(3(aq)), brine,and dried over MgSO₄. The solution was filtered and concentrated invacuo to give 0.75 g (59%) of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-amino-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=390.3.

Example 12a, Step 5: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-amino-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylatefrom step 4 (0.75 g, 1.9 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) was treated withacetone (1 ml) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (0.85 g, 4 mmol) and stired at roomtemperature for 6 h. A solution of 37% aq formaldehyde (2 ml) was addedand stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and washed with 1 N NaOH, water, brine, concentrated invacuo and the residue chromatographed (1:9:90 NH₄OH:MeOH:CH₂Cl₂) to give0.4 g (50%) of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white foam. MS found: (M+H)⁺=446.3.

Example 12a, Step 6: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(0.6 g, 1.3 mmol) in methanol was treated with 150 mg of 10% Pd/C andhydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. The catalystwas filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 0.4 g of(1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white solid. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=312.3.

Example 12a, Step 7: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(50 mg, 0.16 mmol), 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (38 mg, 0.20 mol),EDCI (38 mg, 0.20 mmol), HOBT (27 mg, 0.20 mmol), and Et₃N (20 mg 0.20mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solutionwas washed with water and brine, concentrated in vacuo and the residuechromatographed on silica gel (3%-5%-10% (NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂) to give 30mg of the title product as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.25

Example 12b Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 12b, Step 1: A solution of benzyl(1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ylcarbamate (20 g, 72.6mmol) in ethyl acetate (125 mL) was treated with 1.3 g of 10%Pd/C andhydrogenated overnight at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. Thecatalyst was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give10.2 g (100%) of (1R,2S,5R)-2-amino-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-7-one asan oil. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=142.06.

Example 12b, Step 2: A solution of(1R,2S,5R)-2-amino-6-oxa-bicyclo-[3.2.1]octan-7-one (10.2 g, 72.6 mmol)from step 1 above in CH₂Cl₂ was treated with CBZ-L-Met (22.7 g, 80mmol), EDCI (15.3 g, 80 mmol), HOBT (10.8 g, 80 mmol), Et₃N (8.1 g 80mmol), and the resulting reaction solution was stirred overnight at roomtemperature. The solution was washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 29.5 grams (100% yield) ofbenzyl(R)-3-(methylthio)-1-oxo-1-((1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ylcarbamateas a solid. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=407.3.

Example 12b, Step 3: A solution ofbenzyl(R)-3-(methylthio)-1-oxo-1-((1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ylcarbamate(29.5 g, 72.6 mmol)in MeI (80 ml and minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂) wasstirred 24 h at room temperature before being diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andthen concentrated in vacuo. The residue was titurated with hexane andresulting suspension was concentrated; this was repeated several timesto afford 40 g of the salt as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=421.22.This material was dissolved in DMF (150 mL) and the solution was chargedwith Cs₂CO₃ (47.19 g, 145 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 25h. The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of ice/1 N HCl whilestirring and then further diluted with water (total volume 1 L). Thesolid that precipitated was extracted into CH₂Cl₂ and washed with waterand brine. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting solidrecrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 11.3 g (43%) of benzyl(S)-2-oxo-1-((1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a light yellow solid. The mother liquor was concentrated in vacuo andthe resulting residue chromatographed to give an additional 4.5 g (61%total yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=359.24

Example 12b, Step 4: A solution of benzyl(S)-2-oxo-1-((1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(11.3 g, 31.5 mol) in methanol was treated with solid NaHCO₃ (4.0 g,47.6 mol) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (100 ml) wasadded and the mixture extracted into CH₂Cl₂. The extract was washed withwater, brine and concentrated to give 12.3 g of an apparent equilibriummixture of lactone and desired alcohol ester (in 40:60 ratio). Thismixture was used without further purification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=391.29.

Example 12b, Step 5: A solution of the mixture of lactone and alcoholester from step 4 above (12.3 g, 31.5 mol) in acetone was treated withJone's Reagent (35 ml) while stirring at room temperature. The excessreagent was quenched with isopropyl alcohol and the mixture neutralizedwith sat'd NaHCO3. The resulting mixture was partitioned between waterand ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with water and brine.The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue recrystallized fromethyl acetate to give, in two crops, 6.6 g (54%) of (1R,2S)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=389.17 The mother liquor consists mainly of thelactone, benzyl(S)-2-oxo-1-((1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate,which was recycled in step 4.

Example 12b, Step 6: A solution of (1R,2S)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxy-carbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-oxocyclo-hexanecarboxylate(3.1 g, 8 mmol) in DMSO (7 ml) was treated with t-butylamine (1.75 g, 24mol) and strirred for 10 minutes before Ti(i-OPr)₄ (6.8 g, 24 mol) wasadded and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5h. Then NaBH₄ (0.3 g, 8 mol) was added and stirred for 1.5 h beforediluting slowly with methanol (gas evolution) and the resulting solutionstirred an additional 1 h. While stiring vigorously, a sat'd solution ofNaHCO₃ was added, and the resulting suspension was filtered throughCelite. The filter cake was washed thoroughly with CH₂Cl₂ several timesand the combined washes were transferred to a separatory funnel. Theorganic layer was separated and washed with water and brine,concentrated and the residue chromatographed on silica gel (5%MeOH/CH₂Cl₂-8% NH₄OH/MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to give 3.0 g (80%) of(1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexane-carboxylate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=446.30. Also obtained was 400 mg of the isomeric(1R,2S,5S)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=446.3.

Example 12b, Step 7: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(2.42 g, 5.43 mmol) in methanol was treated with 600 mg of 10% Pd/C andhydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. The catalystwas filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 1.64 g of(1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white solid. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=312.32.

Example 12b, Step 8: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(56 mg, 0.18 mmol), 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (42 mg, 0.22 mol),EDCI (42 mg, 0.22 mmol), HOBT (30 mg, 0.22 mmol), and Et₃N (22 mg 0.20mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solutionwas washed with water and brine, concentrated in vacuo and the residuechromatographed on silica gel (3%-5%-10% (NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂) to give 34mg of the title product, (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate,as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.24.

Example 12c Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 12c, Step 1: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(460 mg, 1.0 mol) (from Example 12b, Step 6 above) in CH₂Cl₂ was treatedwith a solution of 37% aq formaldehyde (1 ml) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (436 mg,2.0 mol) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and washed with 1 N NaOH, water, brine,concentrated in vacuo and the residue chromatographed (1:9:90NH₄OH:MeOH:CH₂Cl₂) to give 330 mg (70%) of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=460.49

Example 12c, Step 2: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(330 mg, 0.65 mmol) in methanol was treated with 100 mg of 10% Pd/C andhydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. The catalystwas filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 200 mg of(1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white solid. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=326.50

Example 12c, Step 3: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(58 mg, 0.18 mmol), 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (42 mg, 0.22 mol),EDCI (30 mg, 0.21 mmol), HOBT (30 mg, 0.21 mmol), and Et₃N (21 mg 0.21mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solutionwas washed with water and brine, concentrated in vacuo and the residuechromatographed on silica gel (3%-5%-10% (NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂) to give 34mg of the title product, (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate,as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=498.40.

Example 12d Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 12d, Step 1: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(50 mg, 0.16 mol), 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (48 mg, 0.20mol) and Et₃N (100 mg, 1.0 mol)in EtOH (2 ml) was added to a microwavereaction tube, sealed, and heated in a microwave oven at 100° C. for 60minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residuechromatographed on silica gel (3%-5% (NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂) to give 25 mgof the title product, (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate,as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=508.24.

Example 12bh Synthesis of (1R,2S,5S)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 12bh, Step 1: A solution of (1R,2S,5S)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(200 mg, 0.4 mmol, obtained from Example 12b, Step 6 above), in methanolwas treated with 60 mg of 10% Pd/C and hydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in aParr shaker overnight. The catalyst was filtered and the filtrateconcentrated in vacuo to give 130 mg of (1R,2S,5S)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white solid. This was used without further purification. MS found:(M.+H)⁺=312.3.

Example 12bh, Step 2: A sample of (1R,2S,5S)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylatewas carried through the procedure outlined in Example 12b, Step 8 toprovide the title compound, (1R,2S,5S)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate,as a white solid after flash chromatography. MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.2.TABLE 12A The compounds in the following table were made using themethods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a complete description ofthe table headings.

Step Example R⁵ R² Altered MS Data 12a i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 484.2 12b t-Bu(H)N

n/a 484.2 12c t-Bu(Me)N

n/a 498.4 12d i-Pr(Me)N

n/a 508.2 12e i-Pr(Me)N

12d, Step 1 524.2 12f i-Pr(Me)N

12a, Step 7 488.3 12g i-Pr(Me)N

12a, Step 7 502.2 12h i-Pr(Me)N

12a, Step 7 473.3 12i t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 488.3 12j t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 472.4 12k t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 474.3 12l t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 473.3 12m t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 492.5 12n t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 494.5 12o t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 502.4 12p t-Bu(Me)N

12c, Step 3 530.3 12q t-Bu(Me)N

12c, Step 3 (See 12d) 538.4 12r t-Bu(Me)N

12c, Step 3 (See 12d) 522.4 12s t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 541.4 12t t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 479.5 12u t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 567.4 12v t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 499.4 12w t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 533.4 12x t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 556.4 12y t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 502.2 12z t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 502.2 12aa t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 557.2 12ab t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 500.2 12ac t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 499.4 12ad t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 533.3 12ae t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 476.5 12af t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 474.4 12ag t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 516.1 12ah t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 550.3 12ai t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 584.2 12aj t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 550.2 12ak t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 524.4 12al t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 500.4 12am t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 482.4 12an t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 500.3 12ao t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 507.4 12ap t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 512.5 12aq t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 507.3 12ar t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 518.3 12as t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 550.4 12at t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 512.2 12au t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 550.2 12av t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 482.4 12aw t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 498.3 12ax t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 499.4 12ay t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 504.3 12az t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 492.4 12ba t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 528.4 12bb t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 496.2 12bc t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 483.4 12bd t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 (See 12d) 508.2 12be t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 (See 12d) 498.4 12bf t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 (See 12d) 474.2 12bg t-Bu(H)N

12b, Step 8 (See 12d) 524.2 12bh t-BuN

n/a 484.2

TABLE 12-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 12-A are tabulated below. Example Name 12a  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- ((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12b (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12c  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)- 2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12d (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12e  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12f  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(3-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- cyclohexanecarboxylate 12g  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(3-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- cyclohexanecarboxylate 12h (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 2-((S)-3-(2-tert-butylpicolinamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate 12i  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 2-((S)-3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12j  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(3-tert- butylbenzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12k  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12l  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-tert-butylpicolinamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12m  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(3-phenylbenzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12n  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(2-phenylpyrazine-6-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12o (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12p  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)- 2-((S)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12q (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)- 2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12r  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin- 4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12s  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(4-(perfluoroethyl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12t (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(4-tert-butylthiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12u  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate12v  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(4-phenylthiazole-2- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12w  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12x  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(4- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert- butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12y (1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazole-2- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12z  (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(4-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12aa(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 2-((S)-3-(4-(adamant-1-yl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ab (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ac(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(2-phenylthiazole-4- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ad (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole-4-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ae (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(2-tert-butyl-5- methylfuran-4-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butylamino)cyclohexane-carboxylate 12af (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)furan-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ag(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ah (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ai (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(2-(2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12aj (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ak (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(4-isopropylphenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12al (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12am (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(2-phenylfuran-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12an(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ao (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(2-(3-cyanophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ap (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12aq (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(2-(4-cyanophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ar (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12as (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12at (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12au (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12av (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(3-phenylfuran-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12aw(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-phenylthiophene-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ax (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)thiophene-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ay(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiophene-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12az (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(2-phenylthiophene-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12ba(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophene-5- carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bb (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(1-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bc(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-phenylisoxazole-5- carboxamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bd (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12be (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 3-(6-tert-butylpyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bf(1R,2S,5R)-methyl 5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(6-chloroquinazolin-4-ylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bg (1R,2S,5R)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)-quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 12bh (1R,2S,5S)-methyl5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)- 2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Examples 13a-13f Example 13a Synthesis of (1S,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 13a, Step 1 (Isomerization of the cis ester to the correspondingtrans ester): To a solution of (1R,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(281 mg, 0.573 mmol, see Example 12a, Step 3) in anhydrous DMF was addedcesium carbonate (747 mg, 2.29 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 16h at rt. At the end of the stirring the mixture was poured into water,and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were washed withwater, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by flash chromatograpy on silica gel with elution by EtOActo afford pure trans isomer, (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-cyclohexanecarboxylate(214 mg) as an oil.

Example 13a, Step 2: To a solution of (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-cyclohexanecarboxylate(677 mg, 1.383 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(7 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid(1.07 mL, 13.83 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 75 min at rt. Theacid and solvent were evaporated off and the residue was dried undervacuum to afford the trifluoroacetic acid salt of (1S,2S,5R)-methyl5-amino-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylateas an oil.

Example 13a, Step 3: A solution of the crude product of the Step 2 andacetone (0.96 mL, 13.1 mmol) in MeOH (8 mL) was stirred for 20 min atrt, and was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (880 mg, 4.15 mmol).After stirring for 2.5 h at rt was added 37% aq. HCHO (1 mL), and themixture was stirred for 1 hr. Then additional sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (440 mg, 2.07 mmol) was added and the mixture wascontinued to stirred for additional 3 h. The reaction was quenched withsat. Na₂CO₃ and the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combinedextracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Mass spectrum of the crude product showed thatthe product was mainly a mixture of (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylateand (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(dimethylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate.The product was re-dissolved in CH₂Cl₂(8 mL) and was added 37% aq. HCHO(1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, and was added sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (660 mg, 3.1 mmol). Then it was continued to stirfor 16 h and was worked up as above. The residue after concentration waspurified by flash chromatograpy on silica gel with elution by 0.5:4.5:95cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ followed by 0.7:6.3:93 cNH₄OH-MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ to provide(1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)amino-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(224.4 mg), MS found: (M+H)⁺=446.2, and (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(dimethylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(238 mg), MS found: (M+H)⁺=418.2.

Example 13a, Step 4: By the methods described in Example 6a, Step 5,(1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)amino-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(224 mg) was converted to (1S,2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(134 mg).

Example 13a, Step 5: By the methods described in Example 6c,(1S,-2S,5R)-methyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(33.5 mg) was converted to the titled compound (1S,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(19.3 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=484.4.

Example 13d Synthesis of (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Example 13d, Step 1: A solution of (1R,2S,5R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-oxo-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(0.80 g, 1.75 mol) in EtOH was treated with NaH (84 mg, 2.1 mol)portion-wise while stirring at rt. After 10 minutes of sirring thereaction was diluted with water and extracted into CH₂Cl₂. The extractswere washed with water and brine, concentrated, and the residuechromatographed on silica gel to give 810 mg of isomerized ester(1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate.MS found: (M+H)⁺=504.46; (M+H−BOC)⁺=404.46.

Example 13d, Step 2: A solution of (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate(810 mg, 1.61 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was treated with TFA (15 mL) andstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in CH₂Cl₂. The solutionwas concentrated in vacuo, and this was repeated several times. Thefinal crude (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl5-amino-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylatewas used with further purificaion.

Example 13d, Step 3: A solution of (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl5-amino-2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanecarboxylatefrom step 2 in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) was treated with acetone (1 ml) andNaBH(OAc)₃ (1.7 g, 8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature overnight. Asolution of 37% aq formaldehyde (2 ml) was added and stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) andwashed with 1 N NaOH, water, brine, concentrated in vacuo and theresidue chromatographed (4% NH₄OH:MeOH:CH₂Cl₂) to give 540 mg (73%) of(1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylateas a white foam. MS found: (M+H)⁺=460.51

Example 13d, Step 4: A solution of (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylate(530 mg, 1.1 mmol) in methanol was treated with 150 mg of 10% Pd/C andhydrogenated at 55 psi of H₂ in a Parr shaker overnight. The catalystwas filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 360 mg of(1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate.This was used without further purification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=326.3

Example 13d, Step 5: Using the methods outlined in Example 12a, Step 7(and substituting 5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid), a sampleof (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylatewas converted to the title compound, (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate.MS found: (M+H)+=530.4.

Example 13e Synthesis of ethyl3-((1S,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)propanoate

Example 13e, Step 1: A solution of oxalyl chloride (2.0 M indichloromethane, 370 μL, 735 μmol) in dichloromethane (1.6 mL) wasstirred at −78° C. Dimethyl sulfoxide (108 μL, 1.51 mmol) was addeddropwise over about 2 min, and the mixture was stirred for 35 min. Asolution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(219 mg, 475 μmol, See Example 4a, Step 1) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL)was added and the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 65 min.Triethylamine (215 μL, 1.54 mmol) was added, and after 10 min themixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was dilutedwith dichloromethane, washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride,then with water, and was dried over sodium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to provide tert-butyl(1R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-formylcyclohexylcarbamateas a tan glassy foam (220 mg). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=482.37.

Example 13e, Step 2: Sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 67 mg, 1.66mmol) was suspended in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) and treated dropwise withtriethyl phosphonoacetate (330 μL, 1.66 mmol). After stirring for 20min, the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a solution oftert-butyl(1R,4S)-4-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-formylcyclohexylcarbamate(220 mg, 475 μmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The mixture was 20 stirredat room temperature for 21 h, then was quenched by the addition ofsaturated aqueous ammonium chloride.

The mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, and thecombined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel,eluting with 3:7 hexane-ethyl acetate, to provide a mixture of (E)-ethyl3-((2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl)acrylateand (1R,2S,5R,7R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(56 mg) as a white glassy foam. MS found: (M+H)⁺=530.48.

Example 13e, Step 3: Following the procedure of Example 5a, Step 3, themixture of (E)-ethyl3-((2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl)acrylateand (1R,2S,5R,7R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylateprepared above in step 2 was converted to a mixture of ethyl3-((2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexyl)propanoateand (1R,2S,5R,7R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate(48 mg) as an off-white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=398.36, 396.36.

Example 13e, Step 4: Following the procedures outlined in Example 2a,Steps 6 and 7, the mixture of ethyl3-((2S,5R)-2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexyl)propanoateand (1R,2S,5R,7R)-tert-butyl2-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylateprepared in step 3 above (48 mg) was converted, after reverse phase HPLCand lyophilization, to the TFA salt of the title product, ethyl3-((1S,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)propanoate,as a white powder (12 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=526.37.

Example 13f Synthesis of3-((1S,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)propanoicacid

Example 13f, Step 1: A solution of ethyl3-((2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-cyclohexyl)propanoate,trifluoroacetic acid salt (10 mg, 15 μmol) in-tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL)was treated with a solution of lithium hydroxide in water (1.0 M, 0.5mL, 0.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature.The mixture was treated with 1.0 N HCl (0.5 mL) and concentrated undervacuum. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC to provide theTFA salt of the title product,3-((1S,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)propanoicacid, as a white powder after lyophilization (7 mg). MS found:(M+H)⁺=498.41. TABLE 13A The compounds in the following table were madeusing the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a completedescription of the table headings.

Step Example R¹ R² Altered MS Data 13a CO₂Me

n/a 484.4 13b CO₂Me

13a, Step 5 516.3 13c CO₂Me

13a, Step 5 488.4 13d CO₂Et

n/a 530.4 13e (CH₂)₂CO₂Et

n/a 526.4 13f (CH₂)₂CO₂H

n/a 498.4

TABLE 13-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 13-A are tabulated below. Example Name 13a (1S,2S,5R)-methyl5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)- 2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 13b(1S,2S,5R)-methyl 2-((S)-3-(2-(4- chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate13c (1S,2S,5R)-methyl 2-((S)-3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate 13d (1S,2S,5R)-ethyl2-((S)-3-(2-(4- chlorophenyl)furan-5-carboxamido)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate13e ethyl 3-((1S,2S,5R)-5- (isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexyl)propanoate 13f3-((1S,2S,5R)-5-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- ((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1- yl)cyclohexyl)propanoic acid

Examples 14a-14g Example 14a Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 14a, Step a: Sodium hydride (60% dispersion; 45 g, 1.17 mol) waswashed with 500 ml of hexane (2×), suspended in 750 mL of THF andtreated with diethylcarbonate (112.5 g, 0.94 mol). The suspension washeated to reflux and treated drop-wise with a solution of1,4-cyclohexanedione mono-ethylene ketal (60.0 g , 0.384 mol) in THF(250 mL). After the addition was complete the suspension was heated toreflux for an additional 4 hours. The mixture was cooled in an ice bathto 0° C. and then poured, while vigorously stirring, into a mixture ofice (1 L), water (100 mL) and acetic acid (100 mL). The resultingmixture was extracted with hexane (2 L total) and the extracts washedwith water and brine. The hexane extract was dried over Na₂SO₄, filteredand concentrated to give 8-Oxo-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylicacid ethyl ester as a pale yellow oil. This was used without furtherpurification.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(TMS): 12.25 (s, 1 H), 4.20 (q, J=7 Hz, 2 H),4.06-3.96 (m, 4 H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 4 H), 1.84 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.29(t, J=7 Hz, 3 H).

Example 14a, Step b: A solution of the crude ester of the Step 1 (0.384mol) in benzene (375 mL) was treated with (S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine (46.4g, 0.384 mol) and Yb(OTf)₃ catalyst (0.6 g) and heated to reflux for 2-3hours with the removal of water with a Dean-Stark trap. The resultingsolution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The residue was passedthrough a plug of silica gel with 4:6 EtOAc-hexane, and the solvent wasevaporated off to give an oily residue, which was crystallized fromhexane to give 59 grams of crystalline8-(S-1-phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-ene-7-carboxylicacid ethyl ester.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(TMS): 9.41 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 5H), 4.64-4.58 (m, 1 H), 4.14 (q, J=7 Hz, 2 H), 4.02-3.88 (m, 4 H),2.57-2.49 (m, 3 H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1 H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 2 H), 1.48 (d,J=7.4 Hz, 3 H), 1.28 (t, J=7 Hz, 3 H).

Example 14a, Step c: A solution of8-(S-1-Phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-ene-7-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (59 g, 0.178 mol) in 110 mL of acetonitrile and 54 mLof acetic acid was cooled in an ice bath and treated with NaBH(OAc)₃(55.9 g, 0.263 mol) and stirred for 30 minutes, removed ice bath, andstirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was concentrated ona rotary evaporator and the residue dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ The solution wasmade basic with solid NaHCO₃ and partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and water.The organic layer was washed with water-and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The residue wasfiltered through a plug of silica gel with 4:6 EtOAc-hexane, and thesolvent was evaporated off to give 28.7 g of pure(7R,8S)-8-(S-1-phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylicacid ethyl ester.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(TMS): 7.34-7.21 (m, 5 H), 4.18 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.88 (m, 4 H), 3.73 (q, J=7 Hz, 1 H), 3.14 (m, 1 H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.80-1.38 (m, 6 H), 1.32-1.25 (m, 6 H).

Example 14a, Step d: A solution of(7R,8S)-8-(S-1-phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (28.7 g, 0.086 mol) in THF (400 mL) was cooled to 0° C.in an ice bath and treated slowly with 1.0M-LAH in ether (86 mL, 0.086mol), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h, and quenched withportion-wise addition of Na₂SO₄.10H₂O. The mixture was filtered throughCelite and concentrated to give a colorless syrup of[(7R,8S)-8-(S-1-phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-methanol(quantitative yield). This was used without further purification.

Example 14a, Step e: A solution of crude[(7R,8S)-8-(S-1-phenyl-ethylamino)-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-methanol(0.086 mol) in 250 mL of MeOH was treated with 4 g of 20% Pd(OH)₂/C andhydrogenated overnight at 55 psi. The mixture was filtered throughCelite and concentrated on a rotary evaporator to give the desired((7R,8S)-8-Amino-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-yl)-methanol as a syrup. Thiswas used without further purification.

Example 14a, Step f: A solution of crude((7R,8S)-8-Amino-1,4-dioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-7-yl)-methanol (0.086 mol) in300 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was treated with a 120 mL of saturated Na₂CO₃, andcooled in an ice bath. The mixture was stirred vigorously while benzylchloroformate (17.3 mL, 0.108 mol) was added slowly. After the additionwas complete the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 min. Theorganic layer was separated and washed with water, brine andconcentrated to give 33 g of crude product. This was recrystallized fromhexane to give pure Benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1,3-dioxolane)cyclohexylcarbamate.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(TMS):

Example 14a, Step 1: Benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1,3-dioxolane)cyclohexylcarbamate wasdissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ prior to the addition of triethylamine (9.4 mL)This solution was cooled to 0° C. and methanesulfonyl chloride (3.4 mL)was added. The resulting solution was stirred 2 h before saturatedsodium bicarbonate was added. The organic layer was separated and theaqueous layer re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layer waswashed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). It was then filtered, concentratedand dried in vacuo to get(1R,2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-(1,3-dioxolane)-cyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate as a pale yellow oil. It was used without any furtherpurification.

Example 14a, Step 2: To a solution of isopropanethiol (6.3 ml, 67.72mMol) in anhydrous DMF at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (2.7 g, 67.72mMol) in small portions under a nitrogen flush. After the effervescencesubsided, the cooling was removed and stirring continued at rt for 90min after which((1R,2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-(1,3-dioxolane)-cyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate(33.86 mMol) was dissolved in DMF (50 mL) and added slowly tothe reaction. After 4 h, saturated NH₄Cl was added to the reaction.Partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Aqueous layer wasre-extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washedwith brine and dried (MgSO₄) After filteration and concentration, aflash column yielded benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)-4-(1,3-dioxolane)cyclohexyl carbamate asa pale oil (8.16 gm, 63% yield over two steps).

Example 14a, Step 3: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)-4-(1,3-dioxolane)cyclohexyl carbamate(8.15 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (50 mL) prior to the addition of1N HCl (50 mL). After 30 h the reaction was made basic by portionwiseaddition of saturated NaHCO₃. It was then partitioned between EtOAc andwater. The aqueous layer was re-extracted with EtOAc. The combinedorganic layer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered,concentrated and dried in vacuo to result in benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)-4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate as a clear oil(6.57 g, quant. yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=336.1.

Example 14a, Step 4: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R)-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)-4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate (8.66 g, 25.81mMol) was dissolved in a mixture of iPrOH (50 mL) and triisopropylorthoformate (50 mL) prior to the portionwise addition ofcamphorsulfonic acid (1.2 g, 5.16 mMol). After overnight stirring at rt,the reaction was quenched by addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate.Partitioned between EtOAc and water. The aq. layer was re-extracted withEtOAc. Combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄).Filtered, concentrated and flash chromatographed to yield benzyl(1S,2R)-4,4-diisopropoxy-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate as afoamy solid (8.376 g, yield=74%)

Example 14a, Step 5: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R)-4,4-diisopropoxy-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(8.376 g, 19.16 mMol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂(75 mL). This was cooled inan ice bath prior to the addition of triethylsilane (4.6 mL, 28.74 mMol)followed by BF₃.Et₂O (4.96 mL, 40.23 mMol). After 2 h, the resultingsolution was quenched with saturated aq. NaHCO₃. Partitioned betweenwater and CH₂Cl₂. The aq. layer was re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered,and concentrated to get benzyl(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)cyclohexyl carbamate as aclear oil which was used without any further purification.

Example 14a, Step 6: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (27.59mMol) was dissolved in iPrOH (200 mL) prior to the addition of Oxone®(33.92 g, 55.18 mMol) as a solution in 300 mL of water. The reaction wasstirred at rt overnight. Partitoned between EtOAc and water. Aqueouslayer was re-extracted with EtOAc and combined organic layer was washedwith brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered, concentrated and flashchromatographed to yield benzyl(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate as aclear oil (7.73 g, 68% over steps 5 and 6). MS found: (M+H)⁺=412.35.

Example 14a, Step 7: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(7.73 g, 18.8 mMol) and Pd/C (2 g) were taken in MeOH (250 mL) andstirred at rt under 50 psi hydrogen. After 2.5 h the reaction wasfiltered through Celite with EtOAc. The resulting solution wasconcentrated and dried in vacuo to yield(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexanamine as aclear oil which-was used without any further purification.

Example 14a, Step 8: A sample of(1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexanamine(18.8mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (60 mL) prior to the addition of, insequence, diisopropylamine (6.55 mL, 37.6 mMol),N-carbobenzyloxy-1-methionine (5.86 g, 20.68 mMol) and TBTU (7.8 g,24.44 mMol). The resulting pale solution was stirred for 2 h. Thereaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed, in sequence, with 1N HCl,saturated NaHCO₃ and brine. Dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated andflash chromatographed to get benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamateas a white solid (8.76 g, 86%). MS found: (M+H)⁺=543.2.

Example 14a, Step 9: A solution of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (2.8 g,5.16 mMol) was stirred at rt. After 24 h the solution was evaporated.The residue was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and evaporated. This process wasrepeated four more times. The residue was dried in vacuo to get a yellowfoamy solid. This solid was dissolved in DMSO and treated with Cs₂CO₃(3.36 g, 10.32 mMol). The reaction was set to stir at rt. After 4 h, thereaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl. Extracted the reactionmixture with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layer was washedwith brine twice. It was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated andchromatographed to get benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateA (faster isomer, 0.41 g, oil) and benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateB (slower isomer, 0.62 g, white solid).

Example 14a, Step 10: A sample of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateA (faster ismer, 0.41 g) and Pd/C (0.08 g) were taken in MeOH (20 mL)and stirred at rt under 50 psi hydrogen pressure. After stirringovernight, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite using EtOAc.Upon concentration and drying in vacuo,(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onewas obtained as a clear viscous oil.

Example 14a, Step 11: A mixture of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(0.04 g, 0.128 mMol), triethylamine (71 uL, 0.512 mMol) and4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazoline (0.035 g, 0.192 mMol) were takenin EtOH and microwaved at 100° C. for 45 min. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and chromatographed to yield(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-oneas a white solid (0.04 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=557.2

Example 14b Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 14b, Step 1: A sample of benzyl(1R,2S,5R)-7-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ylcarbamate (2.8 g) wasdissolved in anhydrous THF prior to the addition of LiBH₄ (0.44 g) inone portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Thereaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered,concentrated and chromatographed to get benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate as a whitefoamy solid.

Example 14b, Step 2: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (8.78 g, 31.42mMol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ prior to the addition oftriethylamine (11 mL, 78.55 mMol) followed by DMAP (0.05 g) and thentrityl chloride (10.52 g, 37.7 mMol) in one portion. The reactionmixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was partitionedbetween CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic layer was washed with brine anddried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and chromatographed. Benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-(trityloxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate was obtainedas a white foamy solid (9.85 g, yield=60%).

Example 14b, Step 3: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-(trityloxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (6.9 g,13.24 mMol) was dissolved in a mixture of MeI (12.4 mL, 198.6 mMol) andanhydrous DMF (15 mL) prior to the addition of Ag₂O (6.1 g, 26.48 mMol)in one portion under an argon flush. The reaction was set to stir at rtin the dark. After stirring for 30 hr (the reaction was incomplete), itwas diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and filtered. through Celite. Filtered andconcentrated to a yellow oil and flash chromatographed to get benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(trityloxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (3.48 g) asa white foamy solid and recover the starting materiel.

Example 14b, Step 4: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(trityloxymethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (0.53 g) wasdissolved in a mixture of 70% aqueous acetic acid (10 mL) and MeCN (10mL) and stirred at 60° C. for 2 h.

Reaction mixture was cooled and evaporated. Dissolved in EtOAc andwashed with saturated NaHCO₃ followed by brine and then dried (MgSO₄).Filtered, concentrated and chromatographed to get benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxylmethyl)-4-methoxycyclohexylcarbamate (0.24 g,yield=83%) as a clear oil. MS found: (M+H)⁺=294.29

Example 14b, Step 5: A sample of benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxycyclohexylcarbamate (0.298 g) wasused to synthesize((1R,2S,5R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-methoxycyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate by the same procedure as that of Example 14a, step 1. Theproduct was obtained as a yellow foamy solid which was used without anyfurther purification.

Example 14b, Step 6: A sample of sodium thiomethoxide (0.28 g, 4.04mMol) was taken in DMF (4 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen and water wasadded to it dropwise until the suspension becomes a homogenous mixture.A sample of ((1R,2S,5R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-methoxycyclohexyl)methylmethanesulfonate (1.01 mMol) in DMF (6 mL) was added slowly to thethiolate mixture. Stirring was continued for 1 h at 0° C. and thenquenched with saturated NaHCO₃. Extracted with EtOAc twice. Combinedorganic layer was washed with water twice and then with brine. Dried(MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to get benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylthiomethyl)cyclohexyl carbamate as a palesolid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=324.27

Example 14b, Step 7: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 6; thedesired product, benzyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (0.318g, yield=89%) was obtained as a white solid starting with a sample ofbenzyl (1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylthiomethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(1.01mMol). MS found: (M+H)⁺=356.1

Example 14b, Step 8: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 7; thedesired product,(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexan-amine (0.2 g,quantitative yield) was obtained as an oil starting with a sample ofbenzyl (1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate(0.318 g).

MS found: (M+H)⁺=222.19

Example 14b, Step 9: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 8; thedesired product, benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(1.5 g, yield=60.5%) was obtained as a translucent viscous oil startingwith a sample of(1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexanamine (5.1 mMol).MS found: (M+H)⁺=487.38

Example 14b, Step 10: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 9; thedesired product, benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(1.15 g, yield=80%) was obtained as a foamy solid starting with a sampleof benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate(1.5 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=439.4

Example 14b, Step 11: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 10; thedesired product,(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(0.44 g, quantitative yield) was obtained as a viscous oil starting witha sample of benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(0.65 g).

Example 14b, Step 12: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 11; thedesired product,(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(0.0462 g, yield=77%) was obtained as a white solid starting with asample of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(0.0364 g). MS found: (M+H)⁺=501.39

Example 14c Synthesis of2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

Example 14c, Step 13: As per the procedure of Example 14a, Step 8; thedesired product,2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide(0.0403 g, yield=74%) was obtained as a white solid starting with asample of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-one(0.0364 g) and 2-tert-butylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. MS found:(M+H)⁺=467.42

Example 14e Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 14e, Step 1: By the method described in Example 14a, Steps10-11, the slower isomer of the Example 14a, Step 9, benzyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatewas converted to the titled(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one.

MS found: (M+H)⁺=557.2.

Example 14g Synthesis of5-(3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)phenyl-3-carboxylicacid

A solution of methyl5-(3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)phenyl-3-carboxylate(27 mg, Example 14f) in MeOH (3.5 mL) was charged with 1N NaOH (1.5 mL)and stirred at RT for 3 h before being partitioned between EtOAc andwater. The aqueous phase was acidified with 1 N HCl and extracted withEtOAc twice. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried(magnesium sulfate), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford thetitled carboxylic acid as a white solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=529.4. TABLE14A The compounds in the following table were made using the methodsexemplified above. See Table 1-A for a complete description of the tableheadings.

Step Example R⁵ R⁶ Altered MS Data 14a iPrO iPr

n/a 557.2 14b MeO Me

n/a 501.39 14c MeO Me

n/a 467.42 14d MeO Me

14c, Step 13 509.36 14e iPrO (S)-diast. iPr

n/a 557.2 14f MeO Me

14c, Step 13 543.4 14g MeO Me

n/a 529.4

TABLE 14-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 14-A are tabulated below. Example Name 14a(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 14b(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2- (methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 14c2-tert-butyl-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide 14d5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 14e(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-isopropoxy-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 14f methyl5-(3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)phenyl-3- carboxylate 14g5-(3-(((S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)phenyl-3- carboxylic acid

Examples 15a-15h Example 15a Synthesis of(3S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 15a, Step a: To a solution of (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((S)-1-phenylethylamino)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (47 g, 0.13 mol,See: S. S. Ko, et al, WO PCT 2002002525 for preparation of theenantiomer of this compound) in anhydrous ether (500 mL) at 0° C. wasadded 1M-LAH (100 mL, 0.1 mol) dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at0˜15° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with a portion-wise aditionof Na₂SO₄.10H₂O (excess) and stirring for 1 h at rt. It was filteredthrough Celite and the solvent was evaporated off to give(3R,4S)-tert-butyl3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((S)-1-phenylethylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate(quantitative yield).

Example 15a, Step 1: A mixture of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((S)-1-phenylethylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate (38g, 113.6 mMol) and Pd(OH)₂ (5 g) were stirred in methanol (250 mL) at rtunder 50 psi hydrogen. After overnight stirring, the reaction mixturewas filtered through Celite. The solution was concentrated to get thedesired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a pale oil(quantitative yield).

Example 15a, Step 2: A sample of (3R,4S)-.tert-butyl4-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (113.6 mMol) wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ prior to the addition of saturated sodium carbonate(180 mL). This mixture was cooled to 0° C. and then benzyl chloroformate(21.76 mL, 136.32 mMol) was added slowly. The cooling was removed andstirring continued overnight. Partitioned the mixture between water andCH₂Cl₂. Aqueous layer was re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Combined organiclayer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered, concentratedand dried in vacuo to get the desired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as ayellow oil.

Example 15a, Step 3: To a stirring solution of anhydrous DMSO (1.8 mL,25.36 mMol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) at −78° C. was added oxalyl chloride (2mL, 23.78 mMol) slowly. After 20 min, a sample of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (5.78 g,15.85 mMol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added to the reactionslowly. Stirring was continued for 1 h. Triethylamine (6.6 mL, 47.55mMol) was added dropwise. Stirring was then continued with a gradualwarm up to 0° C. over 1 h. Partitioned the mixture between water andCH₂Cl₂. Aqueous layer was re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Combined organiclayer was washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Filtered, concentratedand chromatographed to get the desired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate as a pale oil(3.8 g, yield=67%).

Example 15a, Step 4: To a stirring suspension of EtPPh₃Br (4.7 g, 12.59mMol) in anhydrous THF (70 mL) in a −5° C. (approx.) bath was addedKHMDS (13.12 mMol) slowly. The resulting reddish solution was stirredfor 20 min. While maintaining the same low temperature, a solution of(3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate in anhydrous THF(30 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. After the addition wascompleted, the reaction was stirred for 30 min. The reaction wasquenched with saturated NH₄Cl. Partitioned between EtOAc and water. Theorganic layer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered,concentrated and chromatographed to get the desired product,(4S,E)-tert-butyl 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(prop-1-enyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate, apparent mixture of diastereomers, as a paleoil (3.2 g, yield=82%).

Example 15a, Step 5: A mixture of (3R,4S,E)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(prop-1-enyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (2.85 g),Pd/C (0.28 g) in MeOH(75 mL) was set to stir at rt under 50 psihydrogen. After overnight stirring the reaction mixture was filteredthrough Celite to yield the desired product, (4S)-tert-butyl4-amino-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.72 g, yield=93%) as a paleoil. It was used without any further purification.

Example 15a, Step 6: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 8, thedesired product was obtained using (4S)-tert-butyl4-amino-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.72 g) as the startingmaterial. The desired product, (4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate,apparent mixture of diastereomers, was obtained as a white solid (3.174g, yield=88%) after a flash column.

Example 15a, Step 7: As per the procedure in Example 14a, step 9, thedesired product was obtained using (4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate(3.174 g) as the starting material. The crude product mixture waschromatographed. Two products were obtained which were found to beisomers. Based on the TLC, they will be called the following here:(3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate(Faster) and (3S,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate(Slower).

Example 15a, Step 8: A sample of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate(Faster, 0.341 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) prior to the additionof trifluoroacetic acid (0.82 mL, 11.14 mMol). After 2.5 h, the reactionwas evaporated and redissloved in CH₂Cl₂. The solution was washed withsaturated NaHCO₃ followed by brine. It was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,concentrated and dried in vacuo to get the desired amine (0.25 g,yield=94%) as a clear oil.

Example 15a, Step 9: A sample of amine from Step 8 (0.25 g) wasdissolved in 1,2-dicholoroethane prior to the addition of acetone (0.26mL, 3.475 mMol). Stirring was contined at rt for 1 h after which sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (0.29 g, 1.39 mMol) was added to the reaction.Reaction was stirred for 5 h and then quenched with saturated NaHCO₃.Partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and water. Organic layer was washed withbrine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered, concentrated and dried in vacuo toyield the desired product, benzyl(S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (Faster) (0.262 g, yield=94%) as a clear oil. MS found:(M+H)⁺=402.2

Example 15a, Step 10: A mixture of benzyl(S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(faster) (0.262 g) and Pd/C (0.056 g) in MeOH were stirred at rt under50 psi hydrogen. After overnight (stirring, the reaction was filteredthrough Celite. Concentrated and dried in vacuo to get the desiredproduct,(3S)-3-amino-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one(faster) (0.166 g, yield=95%) as a clear oil.

Example 15a, Step 11: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 11, thedesired product,(3S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one(faster) was obtained as a white solid (0.045 g, yield=65%) using(3S)-3-amino-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one(faster) (0.0399 g) as a starting material. MS found: (M+H)⁺=464.2

Example 15c Synthesis of5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide

Example 15c, Step 1: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 8, thedesired product,5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide)(faster) was obtained as a white solid (0.0401 g, yield=63%) using(3S)-3-amino-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one(faster) (0.036 g) and 5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (0.027g, 0.148 mMol) as starting materials. MS found: (M+H)⁺=472.2

Example 15e Synthesis of(S)-1-((3S,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 15e, Step 1: A sample of (3S,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl-3-propylpiperidine-1-carboxylate(slower isomer from Example 15a, Step 7) was carried through theprocedures outlined above in Example 15a, Steps 8-11.

Example 15i Synthesis of (3R,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate

Example 15i, Step 1: Methyl 4-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate hydrochloride(10.0 g, 51.6 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in water (60 mL) at roomtemperature then cooled to 0° C. Added sodium carbonate (6.02 g, 56.8mmol, 1.05 eq.) followed by the dropwise addition of BOC anhydride(11.84 g, 51.6 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF (50 mL) via an addition funnel.Stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. Worked up by extracting 3 times withdiethyl ether (50 mL). The diethyl ether extracts were combined andrinsed once (50 mL) with brine. The diethyl ether layer was dried oversodium sulfate and stripped to give 1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-oxopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (13.29 g) as an amber oil. Yield=100%.¹H NMR (400 MHz) (CDCl3) δ 4.02 (s, 2H); 3.77 (s, 3H); 3.59 (s, 2H);2.37 (s, 2H); 1.47 (s, 9H).

Example 15i, Step 2: 1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-oxopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (13.29 g, 51.6 mmol, 1 eq.),(S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine (6.66 mL, 51.6 mmol, 1 eq.), acetic acid(5.91 mL, 103.0 mmol, 2 eq.) and benzene (200 mL) were mixed at roomtemperature then refluxed using a Dean-Stark trap for 4 hours. Cooled to0° C. Added acetic acid (23.66 mL, 412.8 mmol, 8 eq.) followed by theaddition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (21.90 g, 103.0 mmol, 2 eq.).Stirred for 20 minutes at 0° C. then allowed the reaction to warm toroom temperature and stirred for 20 hours. Worked up by carefully(foaming) adding sodium carbonate until the pH=10. Extracted the aqueous3 times with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined,rinsed once with brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and stripped togive (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((1S)-1-phenylethylamino)-piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (18.7 g) of anoil as product. Yield=100%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects (M+H)⁺=363.2.

Example 15i, Step 3: 20% Palladium hydroxide (1.87 g) was carefullywetted down under nitrogen with isopropanol (50 mL) then(3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((1S)-1-phenylethylamino)-piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (18.7 g, 51.6mmol, 1 eq.) in isopropanol (50 mL) was added. The mixture washydrogenated on a Parr shaker for 20 hours. Worked up by filtering offthe catalyst under nitrogen through fiberglass filter paper. Thefiltrate was stripped to give an oil which was purified over silica gelin 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to 100% ethyl acetate to 4:1 methylenechloride/methanol. Obtained (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-aminopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (11.2 g) as a colorless oil.Yield=84%. Mass Spec (ESI) detects (M+H)⁺=259.1.

Example 15i, Step 4: (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-aminopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (10.0 g, 38.7 mmol, 1 eq.),CBZ-L-methionine (13.16 g, 46.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.), 1-hydroxybenzotriazolehydrate (HOBT) (6.28 g, 46.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.),1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide HCl (EDCI) (8.91 g, 46.5mmol, 1.2 eq.), triethylamine (10.79 mL, 77.4 mmol, 2 eq.) and methylenechloride (100 mL) were stirred at room temperature under nitrogenovernight. Worked up by rinsing 3 times with water. The organic layerwas dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give an oil. Purified oversilica gel in 3:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained(3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(19.7 g) as a white glass. Yield=97%. LCMS detects (M+Na)⁺=546.26.

Example 15i, Step 5: (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((2S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4(methylthio)butanamido)-piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (19.7 g, 37.6 mmol,1 eq.) and iodomethane (23.5 mL, 376.0 mmol, 10 eq.) were stirred inmethylene chloride under nitrogen at room temperature for 20 hours. Thereaction was stripped 5 times from chloroform (50 mL). Obtained 27.1 gof the sulfonium salt as an off-white glass. Yield=100%. LCMS detects(M+H)⁺=538.38. The sulfonium salt (1.00 g, 1.50 mmol, 1 eq.) and cesiumcarbonate (1.96 g, 6.01 mmol, 4 eq.) were stirred in DMF (10 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen for 20 hours. Worked up by adding ethylacetate (25 mL) and rinsing 3 times with brine (25 mL). The organiclayer was dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give an amber oil.Purified over silica gel in 3:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. Obtained(3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(450 mg) as a white glass. Yield=63%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=476.30.

Example 15i, Step 6: (3R,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(7.45 g) was dissolved in methylene chloride (20 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen, then TFA (10 mL) was added. After 3 hours, stripped thereaction 3 times from methylene chloride (25 mL). Obtained an oil whichwas dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 mL) and rinsed 4 times with 1.000 NNaOH (25 mL). The ethyl acetate layer was dried over sodium sulfate andstripped to give (3R,4S)-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate(4.30 g) as a white glass. Yield=73%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=376.1.

Example 15i, Step 7: (3R,4S)-Methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate(1.00 g, 2.66 mmol, 1 eq.), sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.85 g, 4.00mmol, 1.5 eq.) and acetone (0.59 mL, 7.99 mmol, 3 eq.) were mixed inmethylene chloride (15 mL) and stirred for 20 hours at room temperature.Worked up by adding 20 mL of 1.000 N NaOH. Stirred 10 minutes thenextracted 3 times with methylene chloride. The organic layers werecombined, dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to give methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-piperidine-3-carboxylate(1.10 g) of a white glass. Yield=99%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=418.41.

Example 15i, Step 8: 20% Palladium hydroxide (0.30 g) was carefullywetted down under nitrogen with isopropanol (10 mL) then (3R,4S)-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-3-carboxylate(1.10 g) in isopropanol (10 mL) was added. The mixture was hydrogenatedon a Parr shaker for 20 hours. Worked up by filtering off the catalystunder nitrogen through fiberglass filter paper. The filtrate wasstripped to give (3R,4S)-methyl4-((3S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-3-carboxylate(695 mg) as an oil. Yield=93%. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=284.34.

Example 15i, Step 9: (3R,4S)-Methyl4-((3S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-3-carboxylate(50 mg, 0.176 mmol, 1 eq.), 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-quinazoline (45mg, 0.194 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and triethylamine (98 uL, 0.706 mmol, 4 eq.)were dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) at room temperature then microwaved at100° C. for 1 hour. Purified by HPLC. Obtained (3R,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-(2-oxo-(3S)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate,bis TFA salt (88 mg) as a white solid. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=480.39. ¹HNMR (400 MHz) (CD₃OD) δ 8.82 (s, 1H, J=7 Hz); 8.20 (s, 1H, J=7 Hz); 8.78(s, 1H, J=7 Hz); 7.91 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz); 7.30-7.10 (m, 1H); 5.37 (m, 1H);4.3-4.05 (m, 1H); 3.80-3.00 (m, 9H); 2.60-2.45 (m, 1H); 2.45-2.10 (m,2H); 2.10-1.80 (m, 2H); 1.27 (m, 6H).

Example 15j Synthesis of (3S,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate

Example 15j, Step 1: The synthesis of the lactam of 15i, Step 5, wasscaled up 21.5 fold. Normal workup gave a white solid instead of anamber oil. This white solid was stirred in diethyl ether (50 mL) and thesolids were filtered to yield 7.00 g of a white solid. This product wasidentical to the lactam (3R,4S)-(1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate)that was previously isolated in 15i, Step 5. The filtrate was strippedand purified over silica gel in 3:1 to 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to give2.77 g of the diastereomeric (3S,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate.

Example 15j, Step 2: (3S,4S)-1-tert-butyl 3-methyl4-((3S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylateunderwent the reaction sequence described in 15i, Steps 6-9 to yield(3S,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-(2-oxo-(3S)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxylate,bis TFA salt. LCMS detects (M+H)⁺=480.39. ¹H NMR (400 MHz) (CD₃OD) δ8.79 (s, 2H); 8.27 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz,; 7.96 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz); 5.50-5.25 (m,1H); 4.30-4.10 (m, 1H); 3.74 (s, 3H); 3.70-3.50 (m, 3H); 3.40-3.20 (m,1H); 2.80-2.60 (m, 1H); 2.50-2.00 (m, 3H) ; 1.37 (s, 6H) TABLE 15A Thecompounds in the following table were made using the. methodsexemplified above. See Table 1-A for a complete description of the tableheadings.

Step Example R¹ R² Altered MS Data 15a (R)-nPr

n/a 464.2 15b (R)-nPr

15a, Step 11 480.2 15c (R)-nPr

n/a 472.2 15d (R)-nPr

15c, Step 1 440.2 15e (S)-nPr

n/a 464.43 15f (S)-nPr

15e, Step 1 480.38 15g (S)-nPr

15e, Step 1 (See 15c) 440.41 15h (S)-nPr

15e, Step 1 (See 15c) 472.37 15i (R)-CO₂Me

n/a 480.4 15j (S)-CO₂Me

n/a 480.4

TABLE 15-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 15-A are tabulated below. Example Name 15a(S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 15b(S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 15c5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 15dN-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 15e(S)-1-((3S,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 15f(S)-1-((3S,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 15gN-((S)-1-((3S,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 15h 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((S)-1-((3S,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-propylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 15i (3R,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-(2-oxo-(3S)-3- (6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3- carboxylate 15j (3S,4S)-methyl1-isopropyl-4-(2-oxo-(3S)-3- (6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-3- carboxylate

Examples 16a-16c Example 16a Synthesis ofN-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Example 16a, Step 1: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 1, thedesired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-((methylsulfonyloxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate wasobtained using (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (5.38 g)as the starting materiel. The desired product was obtained as a paleyellow oil which was dried in vacuo and used without any furtherpurification.

Example 16a, Step 2: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 2, thedesired product was obtained using (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-((methylsulfonyloxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(14.76 mMol) as the starting material. The desired product,(3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(isopropylthiomethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylatewas obtained as a yellow oil which was dried in vacuo and used withoutany further purification.

Example 16a, Step 3: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 6, thedesired product was obtained using (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(isopropylthiomethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(14.76 mMol) as the starting material. The crude product waschromatographed. The desired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylatewas obtained as white foamy solid. The net yield over three steps was3.16 g (yield=47%).

Example 16a, Step 4: A mixture of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(3.15 g) and Pd/C (0.6 g) in 200 mL of EtOAc was set to stir at rt under50 psi hydrogen. After stirring for 24 h the reaction was filteredthrough Celite and concentrated to a light brown oil. A quantitativeyield was assumed. The desired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-amino-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate was usedwithout any further purification.

Example 16a, Step 5: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 8, thedesired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylatewas obtained as a “glassy” solid (3.46 g, yield=85%) using(3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-amino-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as thestarting material (6.929 mMol).

Example 16a, Step 6: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 9, thedesired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylatewas obtained as white crystalline solid (1.92 g, yield=60%) using(3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(3.46 g, 5.9 mMol).

Example 16a, Step 7: A mixture of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.7 g), Pd/C (0.14 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was stirred at rt under 50 psihydrogen. After 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite.It was then concentrated and dried in vacuo to yield the desiredproduct, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (quantitative yield assumed)as a clear“glassy” solid. This material was used without any further purification.

Example 16a, Step 8: As per the procedure in Example 14a, Step 8, thedesired product, (3R,4S)-tert-butyl3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylatewas obtained as a reddish foamy solid (0.688 g, yield=92%) using(3R4S)-tert.-butyl4-((S)-3-amino-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(1.3 mMol) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (0.26 g, 1.365 mMol) asstarting materials.

Example 16a, Step 9: A sample of (3R,4S)-tert-butyl3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)-4-((S)-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.688 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) prior to the addition oftrifluoroacetic acid (0.92 mL, 11.9 mMol). After 4 h, the reaction wasmade basic with saturated NaHCO₃. Extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organiclayer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Concentrated and dried invacuo to yield the desired product,N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide)(0.482 g, yield=85%). MS found: (M+H)⁺=476.31

Example 16a, Step 10: A sample ofN-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(0.05 g) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (3 mL) prior to theaddition of acetone (0.38 mL, 0.525 mMol). After stirring at rt for 1 h,sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.445 g, 0.21 mMol) was added to thereaction. Stirring was continued for 2 h when the reaction was quenchedwith saturated NaHCO₃. Partitioned between EtOAc and water. Organiclayer was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtered, concentratedand chromatographed. The desired product,N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide(0.0086 g, yield=16%) was obtained as a white solid. MS found:(M+H)⁺=518.2 TABLE 16A The compounds in the following table were madeusing the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a completedescription of the table headings.

Ex- am- Step MS ple R⁵ R⁶ R² Altered Data 16a iPr iPr

n/a 518.2 16b iBu iPr

16a, Step 10 532.3 16c Et iPr

16a, Step 10 504.33

TABLE 16-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 16-A are tabulated below. Example Name 16aN-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isopropyl-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 16b N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-isobutyl-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 16c N-((S)-1-((3R,4S)-1-ethyl-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2- oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Examples 17a-17b Example 17a Synthesis of1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(ethyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Example 17a, Step 1: A solution of 3-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (6.7mL) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was stirred on an ice bath and treateddropwise over 25 min with a solution of vinylmagnesium bromide intetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 60 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h whileallowing to warm slowly to room temperature, then was treated withsaturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The mixture was extracted withether, and the organic extracts were washed with water and brine, thendried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Purification byflash column chromatography, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane,provided 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ol (2.33 g) as acolorless oil. MS found: (M+H−H₂O)⁺=185.19.

Example 17a, Step 2: A solution of1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ol (1.0 g) in acetone (10 mL) wasstirred on an ice bath and treated dropwise with Jones reagent (1.4 mL).After 30 min, isopropanol was added to discharge the yellow-orangecolor, and the mixture was filtered through Celite. The filtrate wasconcentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by flash columnchromatography, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane, to provide1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propenone (672 mg) as a colorless liquid.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ8.21 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.66 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=17.3, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51(dd, J=17.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (dd, J=10.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H).

Example 17a, Step 3: A solution of tert-butyl(1R,3R,4S)-4-amino-3-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylcarbamate (1.09g, see procedure 10a, Step 3) in methanol (10 mL) was stirred on an icebath and treated dropwise over 5 min with a solution of1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propenone (655 mg) in methanol (5 mL). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.75 h, then wasconcentrated under vacuum. Purification by flash column chromatography,eluting with 75% ethyl acetate in hexane, provided(1R,3R,4S)-[4-[3-oxo-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propylamino]-3-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (1.0 g) as a white glassy solid. MS found:(M+H)⁺=535.3.

Example 17a, Step 4: A suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 82 mg) intetrahydrofuran (2.5 mL) was stirred on an ice bath and treated dropwiseover 5 min with tert-butyl dimethyl-phosphonoacetate (0.37 mL). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then was cooled onice and treated with a solution of(1R,3R,4S)-[4-[3-oxo-3-(3-trifluoro-methylphenyl)propylamino]-3-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (500 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (2.5 mL). Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h, then wastreated with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase was dried over sodiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Flash column chromatography,eluting with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane, provided the E isomer of5-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)-cyclohexylamino]-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pent-2-enoicacid tert-butyl ester (300 mg) as a white glassy solid. MS found:(M+H)⁺=633.37. Further elution provided the Z isomer of the samecompound (232 mg) as a white glassy solid.

Example 17a, Step 5: A solution of the E isomer of5-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)-cyclohexylamino]-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pent-2-enoicacid tert-butyl ester (293 mg) in dichloromethane (6 mL) was treatedwith trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After2 h, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum to provide the E isomerof5-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-amino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino]-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pent-2-enoicacid, bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt, (387 mg) as a white glassy powder.MS found: (M+H)⁺=477.35.

Example 17a, Step 6: A solution of the E isomer of5-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-amino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexylamino]-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pent-2-enoicacid, bis-tert-butyltrifluoroacetic acid salt,(387 mg) indichloromethane (3 mL) was treated sequentially withdiisopropylethylamine (0.323 mL), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (57 mg)and TBTU (164 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.75h, then was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water, andbrine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was concentratedunder vacuum and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC toprovide, after lyophilization,1-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-amino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one,trifluoroacetate salt (143 mg) as a white powder. MS found:(M+H)⁺=459.35.

Example 17a, Step 7: The free base (94 mg) obtained from1-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-amino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(3-trifluoro-methylphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one,trifluoroacetate salt, was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) andtreated sequentially with acetone (0.045 mL), acetic acid (0.059 mL) andsodium triacetoxyborohydride (130 mg). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4.5 h, then was concentrated under vacuum. The residuewas partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate, and the organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated to provide1-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-isopropylamino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one(103 mg) as a white glassy solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=501.37.

Example 17a, Step 8: A solution of1-[(1R,2R,4S)-4-isopropylamino-2-(propane-2-sulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one(43 mg) in methanol (1 mL) was treated with acetaldehyde (0.025 mL) andstirred at room temperature. After 35 min, sodium cyanoborohydride (8mg) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22.5h. The mixture was concentrated and partitioned between water and ethylacetate. The aqueous phase was extracted with additional ethyl acetate,and the combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to provide1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(ethyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one(41 mg) as a white glassy solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=529.39. TABLE 17A Thecompounds in the following table were made using the methods exemplifiedabove. See Table 1-A for a complete description of the table headings.

Example R⁵ Step Altered MS Data 17a i-Pr(Et)N n/a 529.4 17b i-Pr(Me)N17a, Step 8 515.4

TABLE 17-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 17-A are tabulated below. Example Name 17a1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(ethyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin- 2(1H)-one 17b1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-(isopropylsulfonylmethyl)cyclohexyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin- 2(1H)-one

Examples 18a and 18b Example 18a Synthesis of(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Example 18a, Step 1: A solution of racemic4-cis-(benzyloxy)-2-trans-methoxycyclohexanol (3.24 g, see J. Org. Chem.1990, 55, 4265) and triethylamine (5.73 mL) in dichloromethane (35 mL)was stirred on an ice bath and treated dropwise over about 1 min withmethanesulfonyl chloride. The mixture was stirred on an ice bath for 2h, then was treated with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The layers wereseparated, the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃,then with brine, and then was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated undervacuum to provide racemic 4-cis-(benzyloxy)-2-trans-methoxycyclohexylmethanesulfonate as an orange gum (4.36 g), used without furtherpurification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=315.1.

Example 18a, Step 2: A solution of racemic4-cis-(benzyloxy)-2-trans-methoxycyclohexyl methanesulfonate (1.0 g) indimethyl sulfoxide (12 mL) was treated with sodium azide (1.03 g) andheated at 60° C. for 16 h, then at 80° C. for 4.5 days. The mixture wascooled to rt, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed five times withwater and once with brine. The solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under vacuum to provide racemic1-((4-trans-azido-3-trans-methoxycyclohexyloxy)methyl)benzene as a brownoil (756 mg) used without further purification. MS found: (M+Na)⁺=284.5.

Example 18a, Step 3: A solution of racemic1-((4-trans-azido-3-trans-methoxycyclohexyloxy)methyl)benzene (750 mg)in ethanol (20 mL) was treated with Pearlman's catalyst (20% Pd(OH)₂ oncharcoal, 150 mg) and stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen(maintained by a hydrogen-filled balloon) for 2.5 h. The mixture wasfiltered through Celite and the solids were rinsed with ethanol. Thecombined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to provide racemic4-trans-(benzyloxy)-2-cis-methoxycyclohexanamine as an oil (678 mg),used without further purification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=236.1.

Example 18a, Step 4: A solution of racemic4-trans-(benzyloxy)-2-cis-methoxycyclohexanamine (675 mg) and(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (787 mg) indichloromethane (15 mL) was treated with diisopropylethylamine (1.1 mL)and TBTU (1.01 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 3.5 h, then wasdiluted with dichloromethane. The mixture was washed with 1.0 M aqueousHCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and water, then was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with 6:4 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate,to provide a mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamateas a sticky white solid (893 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=467.4.

Example 18a, Step 5: A solution of the mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 4 (870 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was treatedwith iodomethane (20 mL) and the solution was stirred at rt for 24 h.The mixture was concentrated under vacuum, then was dissolved in freshdichloromethane and concentrated under vacuum. The dissolution indichloromethane and concentration was repeated four more times toprovide a mixture of(S)-4-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxobutane-1-dimethylsulfoniumiodide and(S)-4-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxobutane-1-dimethylsulfoniumiodide as a pale yellowish powder (1.019 g). MS found: (M−Me₂S)⁺=419.4.

Example 18a, Step 6: A solution of the mixture of(S)-4-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxobutane-1-dimethylsulfoniumiodide and(S)-4-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexylamino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxobutane-1-dimethylsulfoniumiodide from Example 18a, Step 5 (1.013 g) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) wasstirred on an ice bath and treated with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 266mg). After 30 min, the bath was removed and the mixture was stirred atrt. After 22 h, the mixture was diluted with water and ethyl acetate.The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted threetimes with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 35:65 v/v hexane-ethylacetate, to provide a mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a white glassy foam (386 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=419.4.

Example 18a, Step 7: Following the procedure of Example 18a, Step 3, themixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 6 (374 mg) was converted, in two batches, to amixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a white glassy foam (293 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=329.2.

Example 18a, Step 8: Following the procedure of Example 18a, Step 1, themixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 7 (165 mg) was converted to a mixture of(1S,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxycyclohexylmethanesulfonate and(1R,3S,4R)-4-((S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxycyclohexylmethanesulfonate as a light tan-orange glassy foam (198 mg). MS found:(M+H)⁺=407.1.

Example 18a, Step 9: Following the procedure of Example 18a, Step 2, themixture of(1S,3R,4S)-4-((S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxycyclohexylmethanesulfonate and(1R,3S,4R)-4-((S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxycyclohexylmethanesulfonate from Example 18a, Step 8 (193 mg) was converted to amixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a solid (145 mg). MS found: (M+Na)⁺=376.4.

Example 18a, Step 10: Following the procedure of Example 18a, Step 3,the mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 9 (145 mg) was converted to a mixture oftert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateas a dark brown glass (145 mg) used without further purification. MSfound: (M+H)⁺=328.2.

Example 18a, Step 11: A solution of the mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 10 (145 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) wastreated sequentially with acetone (90 μL), acetic acid (117 μL) andsodium triacetoxyborohydride (348 mg). The mixture was stirred at rt for5 h, then was treated with 37% aqueous formaldehyde (153 L) and stirredfurther at rt. After 17 h, the mixture was treated with saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃, stirred for 10 min, and extracted five times with ethylacetate. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, filteredthrough Celite and concentrated to provide a crude mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate(67 mg), used without further purification. MS found: (M+H)⁺=384.5.

Example 18a, Step 12: A solution of the mixture of tert-butyl(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamateand tert-butyl(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamatefrom Example 18a, Step 11 (67 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was treatedwith trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). After being allowed to stand for 1 hat rt, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum, taken up in tolueneand concentrated again under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in waterand lyophilized to provide a mixture of the bis-trifluoroacetic acidsalt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-oneand the bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-oneas a powdery glass (94 mg), used without further purification. MS found:(M+H)⁺=284.3.

Example 18a, Step 13: A solution-of the mixture of thebis-trifluoroacetic acid salt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-oneand the bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt of(S)-3-amino-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-2-onefrom example 18a, Step 12 (94 mg), 4-chloro-6-trifluoromethylquinazoline(81 mg), triethylamine (97 μL) and ethanol (1 mL) was heated at refluxfor 2.5 h, then was cooled to rt and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was purified by reverse phase HPLC. The material in thefirst-eluting of the two product peaks was isolated by lyophilization toprovide the compound assigned as the bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt ofthe title structure,(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one,as a white powder (15 mg). MS found: (M+H)⁺=480.4.

Example 18b Synthesis of(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

From the reverse phase HPLC purification of Example 18a, Step 13, thematerial in the second-eluting of the two product peaks was isolated bylyophilization to provide a compound assigned as the bis-trifluoroaceticacid salt of the title structure, as a white powder (9 mg). MS found:(M+H)⁺=480.4. TABLE 18A The compounds in the following table were madeusing the methods exemplified above. See Table 1-A for a completedescription of the table headings. Example Structure MS Data 18a

480.4 18b

480.4

TABLE 18-B The chemical names of the specific examples illustrated inTable 18-A are tabulated below. Example Name 18a(S)-1-((1R,2S,4S)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- methoxycyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one 18b(S)-1-((1S,2R,4R)-4-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-2- methoxycyclohexyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4- ylamino)pyrrolidin-2-one

Utility

Compounds of formula I are shown to be modulators of chemokine receptoractivity using assays know by those skilled in the art. In this section,we describe these assays and give their literature reference. Bydisplaying activity in these assays of MCP-1 antagonism, compounds offormula I are expected to be useful in the treatment of human diseasesassociated with chemokines and their cognate receptors. The definitionof activity in these assays is a compound demonstrating an IC₅₀ of 30 μMor lower in concentration when measured in a particular assay.

Antagonism of MCP-1 Binding to Human PBMC (Yoshimura et al., J. Immunol.1990, 145, 292)

Compounds of the present invention have activity in the antagonism ofMCP-1 binding to human PBMC (human peripheral blood mononuclear cells)described here.

Millipore filter plates (#MABVN1250) are treated with 100 μl of bindingbuffer (0.5% bovine serum albumin, 20 mM HEPES buffer and 5 mM magnesiumchloride in RPMI 1640 media) for thirty minutes at room temperature. Tomeasure binding, 50 μl of binding buffer, with or without a knownconcentration compound, is combined with 50 μl of ¹²⁵-I labeled humanMCP-1 (to give a final concentration of 150 pM radioligand) and 50 μl ofbinding buffer containing 5×10⁵ cells. Cells used for such bindingassays can include human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated byFicoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation, human monocytes (Weiner et al.,J. Immunol. Methods. 1980, 36, 89), or the THP-1 cell line whichexpresses the endogenous receptor. The mixture of compound, cells andradioligand are incubated at room temperature for thirty minutes. Platesare placed onto a vacuum manifold, vacuum applied, and the plates washedthree times with binding buffer containing 0.5M NaCl. The plastic skirtis removed from the plate, the plate allowed to air dry, the wellspunched out and counted. The percent inhibition of binding is calculatedusing the total counts obtained in the absence of any competing compoundand the background binding determined by addition of 100 nM MCP-1 inplace of the test compound.

Antagonism of MCP-1-induced Calcium Influx (Sullivan, et al. MethodsMol. Biol., 114, 125-133 (1999)

Compounds of the present invention have activity in the antagonism ofMCP-1-induced calcium influx assay described here.

Calcium mobilization is measured using the fluorescent Ca²⁺ indicatordye, Fluo-3. Cells are incubated at 8×10⁵ cells/ml in phosphate-bufferedsaline containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 20 mM HEPES buffer, 5 mMglucose, 1% fetal bovine serum, 4 μM Fluo-3 AM and 2.5 mM probenecid for60 minutes at 37° C. Cells used for such calcium assays can includehuman monocytes isolated as described by Weiner et al., J. Immunol.Methods, 36, 89-97 (1980) or cell lines which expresses the endogenousCCR2 receptor such as THP-1 and MonoMac-6. The cells are then washedthree times in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% bovine serumalbumin, 20 mM HEPES, 5 mM glucose and 2.5 mM probenecid. The cells areresuspended in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5% bovine serumalbumin, 20 mM HEPES and 2.5 mM probenecid at a final concentration of2-4×10⁶ cells/ml. Cells are plated into 96-well, black-wall microplates(100 μl/well) and the plates centrifuged at 200×g for 5 minutes. Variousconcentrations of compound are added to the wells (50 μl/well) and after5 minutes, 50 μl/well of MCP-1 is added to give a final concentration of10 nM. Calcium mobilization is detected by using a fluorescent-imagingplate reader. The cell monolayer is excited with an argon laser (488 nM)and cell-associated fluorescence measured for 3 minutes, (every secondfor the first 90 seconds and every 10 seconds for the next 90 seconds).Data are generated as arbitrary fluorescence units and the change influorescence for each well determined as the maximum-minimumdifferential. Compound-dependent inhibition is calculated relative tothe response of MCP-1 alone.

Antagonism of MCP-1-induced Human PBMC Chemotaxis (Bacon et al., Brit.J. Pharmacol. 1988, 95, 966)

Compounds of the present invention have activity in the antagonism ofMCP-1-induced human PBMC chemotaxis assay described here.

Neuroprobe MBA96-96-well chemotaxis chamber, Polyfiltronics MPC 96 wellplate, and Neuroprobe polyvinylpyrrolidone-free polycarbonate PFD58-micron filters are warmed in a 37° C. incubator. Human PeripheralBlood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCS) (Boyum et al., Scand. J. Clin. LabInvest. Suppl. 1968, 97, 31), freshly isolated via the standard ficolldensity separation method, are suspended in DMEM at 1×10⁷ c/ml andwarmed at 37° C. A 60 nM solution of human MCP-1 is also warmed at 37°C. Dilutions of test compounds are made up at 2× the concentrationneeded in DMEM. The PBMC suspension and the 60 nm MCP-1 solution aremixed 1:1 in polypropylene tubes with prewarmed DMEM with or without adilution of the test compounds. These mixtures are warmed in a 37° C.tube warmer. To start the assay, add the MCP-1/compound mixture into thewells of the Polyfiltronics MPC 96 well plate that has been placed intothe bottom part of the Neuroprobe chemotaxis chamber. The approximatevolume is 400 μl to each well and there should be a positive meniscusafter dispensing. The 8 micron filter is placed gently on top of the 96well plate, a rubber gasket is attached to the bottom of the upperchamber, and the chamber is assembled. A 200 μl volume of the cellsuspension/compound mixture is added to the appropriate wells of theupper chamber. The upper chamber is covered with a plate sealer, and theassembled unit is placed in a 37° C. incubator for 45 minutes. Afterincubation, the plate sealer is removed and all the remaining cellsuspension is aspirated off. The chamber is disassembled and the filtergently removed. While holding the filter at a 90 degree angle,unmigrated cells are washed away using a gentle stream of phosphatebuffered saline and the top of the filter wiped with the tip of a rubbersqueegee. Repeat this wash twice more. The filter is air dried and thenimmersed completely in Wright Geimsa stain for 45 seconds. The filter isthen washed by soaking in distilled water for 7 minutes, and then a 15second additional wash in fresh distilled water. The filter is again airdried. Migrated cells on the filter are quantified by visual microscopy.

Mammalian chemokine receptors provide a target for interfering with orpromoting immune cell function in a mammal, such as a human. Compoundsthat inhibit or promote chemokine receptor function are particularlyuseful for modulating immune cell function for therapeutic purposes.Accordingly, the present invention is directed to compounds which areuseful in the prevention and/or treatment of a wide variety ofinflammatory, infectious, and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases,including asthma and allergic diseases, infection by pathogenic microbes(which, by definition, includes viruses), as well as autoimmunepathologies such as the rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.

For example, an instant compound which inhibits one or more functions ofa mammalian chemokine receptor (e.g., a human chemokine receptor) may beadministered to inhibit (i.e., reduce or prevent) inflammation orinfectious disease. As a result, one or more inflammatory process, suchas leukocyte emigration, adhesion, chemotaxis, exocytosis (e.g., ofenzymes, histamine) or inflammatory mediator release, is inhibited.

Similarly, an instant compound which promotes one or more functions ofthe mammalian chemokine receptor (e.g., a human chemokine) asadministered to stimulate (induce or enhance) an immune or inflammatoryresponse, such as leukocyte emigration, adhesion, chemotaxis, exocytosis(e.g., of enzymes, histamine) or inflammatory mediator release,resulting in the beneficial stimulation of inflammatory processes. Forexample, eosinophils can be recruited to combat parasitic infections. Inaddition, treatment of the aforementioned inflammatory, allergic andautoimmune diseases can also be contemplated for an instant compoundwhich promotes one or more functions of the mammalian chemokine receptorif one contemplates the delivery of sufficient compound to cause theloss of receptor-expression on cells through the induction of chemokinereceptor internalization or the delivery of compound in a manner thatresults in the misdirection of the migration of cells.

In addition to primates, such as humans, a variety of other mammals canbe treated according to the method of the present invention. Forinstance, mammals, including but not limited to, cows, sheep, goats,horses, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats or other bovine, ovine, equine,canine, feline, rodent or murine species can be treated. However, themethod can also be practiced in other species, such as avian species.The subject treated in the methods above is a mammal, male or female, inwhom modulation of chemokine receptor activity is desired. “Modulation”as used herein is intended to encompass antagonism, agonism, partialantagonism and/or partial agonism.

CCR5 Binding and Functional Assays

Cell derivation and cell culture: A pool of HT1080 cells stablyexpressing endogenous CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) were developedusing the methods outlined by Harrington, Sherf, and Rundlett (seeUnited States patents U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,972 and U.S. Pat. No.6,410,266). The highest-expressing clones were isolated using repetitiveflow cytometry, followed by sub-cloning. These cells were then culturedin 6-well dishes at 3×10⁵ cells/well and transfected with a DNA vectorcontaining the chimeric HA-tagged G protein Gqi5 (Molecular Devices; 5micrograms of linearized vector DNA in 15 microL of Ex-Gen fromFermentes was used for the transfection). Two days after transfection,the wells were combined and plated into P100 plates. Seven days afterplating, colonies were picked, expanded, and analyzed for Gqi5 contentby Western blot. A clone (designated as 3559.1.6) having high expressionof Gqi5 (from transfection) and of CCR5 (endogenous) was selected andused for the experiments described below. The HT1080 cells (clone3559.1.6) were cultured with alpha-MEM supplemented with 10% dialyzedfetal bovine serum, 2% penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine, and 500microgram/mL hygromycin B (final concentration) at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ ina humidified atmosphere.

Membrane Preparation: A cell pellet containing 1×10⁸ HT1080 cells (clone3559.1.6) was resuspended in 5 mL of ice-cold Membrane Prep Buffer (50mM HEPES, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂) and homogenized at high-speed on aPolytron homogenizer for 20 sec on ice. The homogenate was diluted withanother 25 mL of Membrane Prep Buffer and centrifuged for 12 min(48,000×g at 4° C.). The cell pellet was resuspended in 5 mL of MembranePrep Buffer before being rehomogenized as described previously. Thehomogenate was diluted with 5 mL of Membrane Prep Buffer and assayed forCCR5 protein concentration.

Binding assay: The freshly-prepared homogenate from the MembranePreparation described above was diluted in Binding buffer (50 mM HEPES,5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% BSA; one complete protease inhibitor tabletwas added before assay) to achieve a final protein concentration of 10micrograms/well (solid white 96-well plates from Corning, Inc.). Thismembrane preparation was mixed with WGA-SPA beads (Amerhsam; pre-soakedin Binding buffer) to give a concentration of 200 micrograms/well. Themembrane/SPA bead mix (100 microliters/well) was then added to a platethat had been pre-dotted with 2 microliters DMSO containing variousconcentrations of test articles (pure DMSO for negative control; variousconcentrations of examples of this invention for test articles; 500 nMMIP-1 beta as a positive control). The binding assay was initiatedthrough the addition of 50 microliters of [¹²⁵I]-MIP-1 beta (PerkinElmer; material was diluted in Binding buffer such that the addition of50 microliters/well gives a final concentration of 0.1 nM [¹²⁵]-MIP-1beta). The plate was sealed and allowed to stand at room temperature for4-6 h before being counted on a Packard TopCount. The percentage boundfor the test article was calculated, using negative and positivecontrols to define the window for each experiment.

Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR)-based Functional assay: HT1080cells (clone 3559.1.6) were plated at 10,000 cells/well (30 microliters)in 384-well plates (black/clear bottom Biocoat PDL, Beckton Dickinson)and charged with 30 microliters/well of Fluro-4 AM fluorescent dye(prepared by dissolving 1 mg Fluro-4 AM in 440 microliters DMSO anddiluting with 100 microliters of pluronic solution before dilutingfurther with 10 mL of Hanks buffer). The cells were incubated at 37° C.with 5% CO₂ for 30 min before being washed three times and suspended inAssay Buffer (20 mM HEPES, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM Probenecid,0.5% BSA, 1×Hanks). The test article was serially diluted in DMSO andthen diluted 1:10 with Assay Buffer before being added to the cells (10microliters/well). Using FLIPR, the plates were read (10-70 sec) forinduction of flux (i.e. agonist activity). The cells were then furthercharged with Agonist Solution (30 microliters/well; prepared by diluting30 microliters of 100 microMolar MIP-1 beta in 100 mL of Assay Buffer;this protocol delivers a final concentration of 5 nM MIP-1 beta in theassay) and the plates were read using FLIPR for one minute. Antagonistactivity of the test article was determined relative to 0.4% DMSO/Buffernegative control.

The compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of both CCR2 andCCR5 and may be used to treat diseases associated with either chemokine.The compounds of the present invention are considered dual antagonists.

Diseases or conditions of human or other species which can be treatedwith inhibitors of chemokine receptor function, include, but are notlimited to: inflammatory or allergic diseases and conditions, includingrespiratory allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis,hypersensitivity lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis,eosinophilic cellulitis (e.g., Well's syndrome), eosinophilic pneumonias(e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia),eosinophilic fasciitis (e.g., Shulman's syndrome), delayed-typehypersensitivity, interstitial lung diseases (ILD) (e.g., idiopathicpulmonary fibrosis, or ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, systemicsclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis or dermatomyositis);systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies(e.g., to penicillin, cephalosporins), eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome dueto the ingestion of contaminated tryptophan, insect sting allergies;autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis,juvenile onset diabetes; glomerulonephritis, autoimmune thyroiditis,Behcet's disease; graft rejection (e.g., in transplantation), includingallograft rejection or graft-versus-host disease; inflammatory boweldiseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis;spondyloarthropathies; scleroderma; psoriasis (including T-cell mediatedpsoriasis) and inflammatory dermatoses such as an dermatitis, eczema,atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria; vasculitis(e.g., necrotizing, cutaneous, and hypersensitivity vasculitis);eosinophilic myositis, eosinophilic fasciitis; cancers with leukocyteinfiltration of the skin or organs. Other diseases or conditions inwhich undesirable inflammatory responses are to be inhibited can betreated, including, but not limited to, reperfusion injury,atherosclerosis, certain hematologic malignancies, cytokine-inducedtoxicity (e.g., septic shock, endotoxic shock), polymyositis,dermatomyositis. Infectious diseases or conditions of human or otherspecies which can be treated with inhibitors of chemokine receptorfunction, include, but are not limited to, HIV.

Diseases or conditions of humans or other species which can be treatedwith promoters of chemokine receptor function, include, but are notlimited to: immunosuppression, such as that in individuals withimmunodeficiency syndromes such as AIDS or other viral infections,individuals undergoing radiation therapy, chemotherapy, therapy forautoimmune disease or drug therapy (e.g., corticosteroid therapy), whichcauses immunosuppression; immunosuppression due to congenital deficiencyin receptor function or other causes; and infections diseases, such asparasitic diseases, including, but not limited to helminth infections,such as nematodes (round worms); (Trichuriasis, Enterobiasis,Ascariasis, Hookworm, Strongyloidiasis, Trichinosis, filariasis);trematodes (flukes) (Schistosomiasis, Clonorchiasis), cestodes (tapeworms) (Echinococcosis, Taeniasis saginata, Cysticercosis); visceralworms, visceral larva migraines (e.g., Toxocara), eosinophilicgastroenteritis (e.g., Anisaki sp., Phocanema sp.), cutaneous larvamigraines (Ancylostona braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum). The compoundsof the present invention are accordingly useful in the prevention andtreatment of a wide variety of inflammatory, infectious andimmunoregulatory disorders and diseases. In addition, treatment of theaforementioned inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases can alsobe contemplated for promoters of chemokine receptor function if onecontemplates the delivery of sufficient compound to cause the loss ofreceptor expression on cells through the induction of chemokine receptorinternalization or delivery of compound in a manner that results in themisdirection of the migration of cells.

In another aspect, the instant invention may be used to evaluate theputative specific agonists or antagonists of a G protein coupledreceptor. The present invention is directed to the use of thesecompounds in the preparation and execution of screening assays forcompounds that modulate the activity of chemokine receptors.Furthermore, the compounds of this invention are useful in establishingor determining the binding site of other compounds to chemokinereceptors, e.g., by competitive inhibition or as a reference in an assayto compare its known activity to a compound with an unknown activity.When developing new assays or protocols, compounds according to thepresent invention could be used to test their effectiveness.Specifically, such compounds may be provided in a commercial kit, forexample, for use in pharmaceutical research involving the aforementioneddiseases. The compounds of the instant invention are also useful for theevaluation of putative specific modulators of the chemokine receptors.In addition, one could utilize compounds of this invention to examinethe specificity of G protein coupled receptors that are not thought tobe chemokine receptors, either by serving as examples of compounds whichdo not bind or as structural variants of compounds active on thesereceptors which may help define specific sites of interaction.

The compounds of the present invention are used to treat or preventdisorders selected from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septicshock, atherosclerosis, aneurism, fever, cardiovascular effects,haemodynamic shock, sepsis syndrom, post ischemic reperfusion injury,malaria, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, mycobacterialinfection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibroticdiseases, cachexia, graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, skininflammatory diseases, multiple sclerosis, radiation damage, hyperoxicalveolar injury, HIV, HIV dementia, non-insulin dependent diabetesmelitus, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, idiopathicpulmonary fibrosis, bullous pemphigoid, helminthic parasitic infections,allergic colitis, eczema, conjunctivitis, transplantation, familialeosinophilia, eosinophilic cellulitis, eosinophilic pneumonias,eosinophilic fasciitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, drug inducedeosinophilia, cystic fibrosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, lymphoma,Hodgkin's disease, colonic carcinoma, Felty's syndrome, sarcoidosis,uveitis, Alzheimer, Glomerulonephritis, and systemic lupuserythematosus.

In another aspect, the compounds are used to treat or preventinflammatory disorders selected from from rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, aneurism, fever, cardiovasculareffects, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis,congestive heart failure, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases, skininflammatory diseases.

In another aspect, the compounds are used to treat or preventinflammatory disorders selected from rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory boweldiseases, and multiple sclerosis.

Combined therapy to prevent and treat inflammatory, infectious andimmunoregulatory disorders and diseases, including asthma and allergicdiseases, as well as autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritisand atherosclerosis, and those pathologies noted above is illustrated bythe combination of the compounds of this invention and other compoundswhich are known for such utilities. For example, in the treatment orprevention of inflammation, the present compounds may be used inconjunction with an anti-inflammatory or analgesic agent such as anopiate agonist, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,an interleukin inhibitor, such as an interleukin-1 inhibitor, a tumornecrosis factor inhibitor, an NMDA antagonist, an inhibitor or nitricoxide or an inhibitor of the synthesis of nitric oxide, a non-steroidalanti-inflammatory agent, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, or acytokine-suppressing anti-inflammatory agent, for example with acompound such as acetaminophen, aspirin, codeine, fentaynl, ibuprofen,indomethacin, ketorolac, morphine, naproxen, phenacetin, piroxicam, asteroidal analgesic, sufentanyl, sunlindac, interferon alpha and-thelike. Similarly, the instant compounds may be administered with a painreliever; a potentiator such as caffeine, an H2-antagonist, simethicone,aluminum or magnesium hydroxide; a decongestant such as phenylephrine,phenylpropanolamine, pseudophedrine, oxymetazoline, ephinephrine,naphazoline, xylometazoline, propylhexedrine, or levodesoxy-ephedrine;and antitussive such as codeine, hydrocodone, caramiphen,carbetapentane, or dextramethorphan; a diuretic; and a sedating ornon-sedating antihistamine. Likewise, compounds of the present inventionmay be used in combination with other drugs that are used in thetreatment/prevention/suppression or amelioration of the diseases orconditions for which compound of the present invention are useful. Suchother drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonlyused therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of thepresent invention. When a compound of the present invention is usedcontemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceuticalcomposition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound ofthe present invention may be used. Accordingly, the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention include those that also containone or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of thepresent invention.

Examples of other active ingredients that may be combined with acompound of the present invention, either administered separately or inthe same pharmaceutical compositions, include, but are not limited to:(a) integrin antagonists such as those for selectins, ICAMs and VLA-4;(b) steroids such as beclomethasone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone,prednisone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone; (c) immunosuppressantssuch as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin and other FK-506 typeimmunosuppressants; (d) antihistamines (H1-histamine antagonists) suchas bromopheniramine, chlorpheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine,triprolidine, clemastine, diphenhydramine, diphenylpyraline,tripelennamine, hydroxyzine, methdilazine, promethazine, trimeprazine,azatadine, cyproheptadine, antazoline, pheniramine pyrilamine,astemizole, terfenadine, loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine,descarboethoxyloratadine, and the like; (e) non-steroidalanti-asthmatics such as b2-agonists (terbutaline, metaproterenol,fenoterol, isoetharine, albuteral, bitolterol, and pirbuterol),theophylline, cromolyn sodium, atropine, ipratropium bromide,leukotriene antagonists (zafirlukast, montelukast, pranlukast,iralukast, pobilukast, SKB-102,203), leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors(zileuton, BAY-1005); (f) non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs)such as. propionic acid derivatives (alminoprofen, benxaprofen, bucloxicacid, carprofen, fenbufen, fenoprofen, fluprofen, flurbiprofen,ibuprofen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, miroprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin,pirprofen, pranoprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid, and tioxaprofen),acetic acid derivatives (indomethacin, acemetacin, alclofenac, clidanac,diclofenac, fenclofenac, fenclozic acid, fentiazac, furofenac, ibufenac,isoxepac, oxpinac, sulindac, tiopinac, tolmetin, zidometacin, andzomepirac), fenamic acid derivatives (flufenamic acid, meclofenamicacid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid and tolfenamic acid),biphenylcarboxylic acid derivatives (diflunisal and flufenisal), oxicams(isoxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam and tenoxican), salicylates (acetylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine) and the pyrazolones (apazone,bezpiperylon, feprazone, mofebutazone, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone);(g) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors; (h) inhibitors ofphosphodiesterase type IV (PDE-IV); (I) other antagonists of thechemokine receptors; (j) cholesterol lowering agents such as HMG-COAreductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin,fluvastatin, atorvsatatin, and other statins), sequestrants(cholestyramine and colestipol), nicotonic acid, fenofibric acidderivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrat, fenofibrate and benzafibrate), andprobucol; (k) anti-diabetic agents such as insulin, sulfonylureas,biguanides (metformin), a-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose) andglitazones (troglitazone ad pioglitazone); (l) preparations ofinterferons (interferon alpha-2a, interferon-2B, interferon alpha-N3,interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, interferon gamma-1b); (m)antiviral compounds such as efavirenz, nevirapine, indinavir,ganciclovir, lamivudine, famciclovir, and zalcitabine; (o) othercompound such as 5-aminosalicylic acid an prodrugs thereof,antimetabolites such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, and cytotoxiccancer chemotherapeutic agents. The weight ratio of the compound of thepresent invention to the second active ingredient may be varied and willdepend upon the effective doses of each ingredient.

Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example,when a compound of the present invention is combined with an NSAID theweight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the NSAID willgenerally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, or alternatively fromabout 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the presentinvention and other active ingredients will generally also be within theaforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each activeingredient should be used.

The compounds are administered to a mammal in a therapeuticallyeffective amount. By “therapeutically effective amount” it is meant anamount of a compound of Formula I that, when administered alone or incombination with an additional therapeutic agent to a mammal, iseffective to prevent or ameliorate the thromboembolic disease conditionor the progression of the disease.

Dosage and Formulation

The compounds of this invention can be administered in such oral dosageforms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release ortimed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs,tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. They may also beadministered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal,subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well knownto those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. They can beadministered alone, but generally will be administered with apharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route ofadministration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

The dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, ofcourse, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamiccharacteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route ofadministration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, andweight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kindof concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route ofadministration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient,and theeffect desired. A physician or veterinarian can determine and prescribethe effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrestthe progress of the thromboembolic disorder.

By way of general guidance, the daily oral dosage of each activeingredient, when used for the indicated effects, will range betweenabout 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of body weight, or between about 0.01 to 100mg/kg of body weight per day, or alternativley, between about 1.0 to 20mg/kg/day. Intravenously, the doses will range from about 1 to about 10mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Compounds of thisinvention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total dailydosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four timesdaily.

Compounds of this invention can be administered in intranasal form viatopical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes,using transdermal skin patches. When administered in the form of atransdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course,be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

The compounds are typically administered in admixture with suitablepharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referredto herein as pharmaceutical carriers) suitably selected with respect tothe intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules,elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventionalpharmaceutical practices.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet orcapsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral,non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose,starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl callulose, magnesium stearate,dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like;for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can becombined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inertcarrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like. Moreover, whendesired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegratingagents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucoseor beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such asacacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose,polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. Lubricants used in thesedosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate,sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose,agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in theform of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles,large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can beformed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol,stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.

Compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with solublepolymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can includepolyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of thepresent invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymersuseful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example,polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic andpolyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid,polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, andcrosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. Dosage forms(pharmaceutical compositions) suitable for administration may containfrom about 1 milligram to about 100 milligrams of active ingredient perdosage unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredientwill ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight basedon the total weight of the composition.

Gelatin capsules may contain the active ingredient and powderedcarriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesiumstearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used tomake compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufacturedas sustained release products to provide for continuous release ofmedication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugarcoated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect thetablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selectivedisintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms fororal administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increasepatient acceptance. In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueousdextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such aspropylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers forparenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration maycontain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitablestabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizingagents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid,either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used arecitric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteralsolutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride,methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard referencetext in this field. Representative useful pharmaceutical dosage-formsfor administration of the compounds of this invention can be illustratedas follows:

Capsules

A large number of unit capsules can be prepared by filling standardtwo-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 milligrams of powderedactive ingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams ofcellulose, and 6 milligrams magnesium stearate.

Soft Gelatin Capsules

A mixture of active ingredient in a digestable oil such as soybean oil,cottonseed oil or olive oil may be prepared and injected by means of apositive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsulescontaining 100 milligrams of the active ingredient. The capsules shouldbe washed and dried.

Tablets

Tablets may be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosageunit is 100 milligrams of active ingredient, 0.2 milligrams of colloidalsilicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 milligrams ofmicrocrystalline cellulose, 11 milligrams of starch and 98.8 milligramsof lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatabilityor delay absorption.

Injectable

A parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection may beprepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% byvolume propylene glycol and water. The solution should be made isotonicwith sodium chloride and sterilized.

Suspension

An aqueous suspension can be prepared. for oral administration so thateach 5 mL contain 100 mg of finely divided active ingredient, 200 mg ofsodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1.0 g ofsorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 mL of vanillin. Where the compoundsof this invention are combined with other anticoagulant agents, forexample, a daily dosage may be about 0.1 to 100 milligrams of thecompound of Formula I and about 1 to 7.5 milligrams of the secondanticoagulant, per kilogram of patient body weight. For a tablet dosageform, the compounds of this invention generally may be present in anamount of about 5 to 10 milligrams per dosage unit, and the secondanti-coagulant in an amount of about 1 to 5 milligrams per dosage unit.Where two or more of the foregoing second therapeutic agents areadministered with the compound of Formula I, generally the amount ofeach component in a typical daily dosage and typical dosage form may bereduced relative to the usual dosage of the agent when administeredalone, in view of the additive or synergistic effect of the therapeuticagents when administered in combination. Particularly when provided as asingle dosage unit, the potential exists for a chemical interactionbetween the combined active ingredients. For this reason, when thecompound of Formula I and a second therapeutic agent are combined in asingle dosage unit they are formulated such that although the activeingredients are combined in a single dosage unit, the physical contactbetween the active ingredients is minimized (that is, reduced). Forexample, one active ingredient may be enteric coated. By enteric coatingone of the active ingredients, it is possible not only to minimize thecontact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it ispossible to control the release of one of these components in thegastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not releasedin the stomach but rather is released in the intestines. One of theactive ingredients may also be coated with a material which effects asustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also servesto minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients.Furthermore, the sustained-released component can be additionallyenteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only inthe intestine. Still another approach would involve the formulation of acombination product in which the one component is coated with asustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component isalso coated with a polymer such as a low viscosity grade ofhydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or other appropriate materials asknown in the art, in order to further separate the active components.The polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interactionwith the other component.

These as well as other ways of minimizing contact between the componentsof combination products of the present invention, whether administeredin a single dosage form or administered in separate forms but at thesame time by the same manner, will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, once armed with the present disclosure.

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is thereforeto be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise that as specifically describedherein.

1. A compound of formula (I):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: ring B is a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms wherein the cycloalkyl group is saturated or partially unsaturated; and being substituted with 1-2 R⁵; or a heterocycle of 3 to 7 atoms wherein the heterocycle is saturated or partially unsaturated, the heterocycle containing a heteroatom selected from —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, and —N(R⁴)—, the heterocycle optionally containing a —C(O)— and being substituted with 0-2 R⁵; X is selected from O or S; Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(S)—, —NR⁸C(O)NH—, —NR⁸C(S)NH—, —NR⁸SO₂—, —NR⁸SO₂NH—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)O—, —CR¹⁴═CR¹⁴—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(O)—, —C(O)CR¹⁵R¹⁵—, —CR¹⁵R¹⁵C(═N—OR¹⁶)—, —O—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—O—, —O—, —NR⁹—, —NR⁹—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—NR⁹—, —S(O)_(p)—, —S(O)_(p)—CR¹⁴R¹⁴—, —CR¹⁴R¹⁴—S(O)_(p)—, and —S(O)_(p)—NR⁹—; wherein neither Z nor R¹³ are connected to a carbon atom labeled (b); bond (a) is a single or double bond; alternatively, when n is equal to 2, two atoms labeled (b) may join through a double bond; R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶; with the proviso that if R¹ is H, then either a) R⁵ is (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), or b) ring B is a heterocyclic system containing at least one N(R⁴); and with the further proviso that if R⁵ is H, then either a) R¹ is not H, or b) ring B is a heterocyclic system containing at least one N(R⁴); R² is selected from a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁷ and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷; R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R⁴e, and a (CRR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e), and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(4e), and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4c) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(4b), —C(O)OR^(4d), —C(O)NR^(4f)R^(4f), C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(4h), NHSO₂R^(4h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(4d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e); R^(4e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂; (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(4f)R^(4f), —C(O)R^(4i), —C(O)OR^(4j), —C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —OC(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)OR^(4j), C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(4k), NHSO₂R^(4k), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(4f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(4h), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic; R^(4i), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue; R^(4j), at each occurrence, is selected from CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue; R^(4k), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, F, Cl, Br, I, (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)SH, (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O) H, (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5c), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5c); R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); wherein when R⁵ is (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), neither R^(5a) are H; R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5c), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH; (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NHC(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)S(O)₂R^(5b), C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), NHSO₂R^(5h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHR^(5h), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NHR^(5h), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), NHSO₂R^(5h), a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(5f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(5g) is independently selected from —CN, —C(O)R^(5b), —C(O)OR^(5d), —C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), —C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(5h), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(5h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, (CR′R′)_(r)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H, (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b)′, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)′R^(6d)′, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(6f))NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(6f))NR^(6f)R^(6f), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b)′, (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂R^(6b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′, (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); alternatively, two R⁶ on adjacent atoms on R¹ may join to form a cyclic acetal; R^(6a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(6g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃-8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); R^(6a)′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); R^(6b)′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(6e);R^(6d)′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, CF₃ and C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), C(O)NHR^(6h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h), NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(6g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(6b), —C(O)OR^(6d), —C(O)NR^(6f)R^(6f), (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h), NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(6h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H, (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(7f))NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(7f))NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′, (CR′R′)_(r)C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e); alternatively, two R⁷ on adjacent atoms on R² may join to form a cyclic acetal; R^(7a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(7g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(7e); R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(7e); R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e); R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, OH, SH, C(O)OH, C(O)NHR^(7h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(7h), NHSO₂R^(7h), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl, (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl; R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(7g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(7b), —C(O)OR^(7d), —C(O)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(7h), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₅ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e); R⁸ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl; R⁹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, —C(O)H, and —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; R¹⁰ is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(10b); R^(10b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH, —SH, —NR^(10c)R^(10c), —C(O)NR^(10c)R^(10c), and —NHC(O)R^(10c); R^(10c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R¹¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, (CHR)_(q)OH, (CHR)_(q)SH, (CHR)_(q)OR^(11d), (CHR)_(q)S(O)_(p)R^(11d), (CHR)_(r)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(r)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)NR^(11a)OR^(11d), (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)R^(11b), (CHR)_(q)NR^(11a)C(O)OR^(11d), (CHR)_(q)OC(O)NR^(11a)R^(11a), (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(11d), a (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(11e), and a (CHR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e); R^(11a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ alkenyl, C₃₋₄ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered nonaromatic heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e); R^(11b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered nonaromatic heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e); R^(11d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, —CF₃, C₂₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl, a C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(11e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered nonaromatic heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(11e); R^(11e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(11f)R^(11f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(11f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R¹² is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and a (CHR)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(12e); R¹³, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(13b), —OH, —NH₂, F, Cl, Br, I, —OR^(13a), —N(R^(13a))₂, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(13b); R^(13a) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(13b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from —OH, —SH, —NR^(13c)R^(13c), —C(O)NR^(13c)R^(13c), and —NHC(O)R^(13c); R^(13c) is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R¹⁴, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl; alternatively, two R¹⁴s, along with the carbon atom to which they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; R¹⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, OH, NH₂, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, NR^(15a)R^(15a), C(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), NR^(15a)C(O)R^(15b), NR^(15a)C(O)OR^(15d), OC(O)NR^(15a)R^(15a), and (CHR)_(r)C(O)OR^(15d); alternatively, two R¹⁵s, along with the carbon atom or atoms to which they are attached, join to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; R^(15a), at each occurrence, is independently seleced from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; R^(15b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl; R^(15d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₆ alkynyl; R¹⁶ is selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl; l is selected from 1, 2 and 3; n is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; m is selected from 0 and 1; p, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, and 2; q, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4; r, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; t, at each occurrence, is independently selected from 2, 3, and 4; s is selected from 0 and
 1. 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CHR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R⁴c, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e), and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(4e), and a (CHR)_(r)-4-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(4e); R^(4c) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(4b), —C(O)OR^(4d), —C(O)NR^(4f)R^(4f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(4d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e), and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(4e); R^(4e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(4f)R^(4f), —C(O)R^(4i), —C(O)OR^(4j), —C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —OC(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)NR^(4h)R^(4h), —NR^(4h)C(O)OR^(4j), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(4f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(4h), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic; R^(4i), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue; R^(4j), at each occurrence, is selected from CF₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue; R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)SH, (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)H, (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, a (CRR)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5c), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(5c); R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); wherein when R⁵ is (CRR)_(r)N(O)R^(5a)R^(5a), neither R^(5a) are H; R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5c), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NHC(═NR^(5f))NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5f)R^(5f), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)S(O)₂R^(5b), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e); R^(5e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5f)R^(5f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(5f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(5g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(5b), —C(O)OR^(5d), —C(O)NR^(5f)R^(5f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with R^(5e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(5e); R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H, (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)SC(O) (CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6d), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(6f))NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(6f))NR^(6f)R^(6f), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(6b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′, (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); alternatively, two R⁶ on adjacent atoms on R¹ may join to form a cyclic acetal; R^(6a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(6g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected-from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e); R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(6e); R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(6g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(6b), —C(O)OR^(6d), —C(O)NR^(6f)R^(6f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)SH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)H, (CR′R′)_(r)S(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)OH, (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)O(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7d), (CR′R′)_(r)C(═NR^(7f))NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NHC(═NR^(7f))NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), (CR′R′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CR′R′)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CR′R′)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R′, C₂₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R′, and (CR′R′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e); alternatively, two R⁷ on adjacent atoms on R² may join to form a cyclic acetal; R^(7a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(7g), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(7e); R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(7e); R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from C₃₋₈ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), C₃₋₈ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7e), methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e); R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; R^(7g) is independently selected from —C(O)R^(7b), —C(O)OR^(7d), —C(O)NR^(7f)R^(7f), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl; R′, at each occurrence, is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with R^(6e), C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(6e).
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is
 0. 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein: ring B is selected from

 each substituted with 1-2 R⁵, and

 and each being substituted with 0-1 R⁵; and R¹¹ and R¹² are H.
 5. The compounds of claim 4, wherein: R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(r)OH, (CRR)_(r)SH, (CRR)_(r)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)SR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CHR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), CRR(CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)H, (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CRR)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(5b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e) wherein the alkyl is selected from ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, C₃ alkenyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5e), wherein the alkenyl is selected from allyl, C₃ alkynyl substituted with 0-1 R^(5e) wherein the alkynyl is selected from propynyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₄ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-5 R^(5e), wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; R^(5b), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₄ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and R^(5d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, and a C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-3 R^(5e).
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R⁴ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ alkynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b); R, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, propynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with R^(5e); R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(5e), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl; R^(5a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and r, at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, and
 2. 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein: R¹ is selected from H, R⁶, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₆₋₁₀ aryl group substituted with 0-5 R⁶, wherein the aryl group is selected from phenyl and napthyl, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁶, wherein the heteroaryl is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isonicotinyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, picolinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, and tetrazolyl; R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(7,) and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl is selected from indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolotriazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and tetrazolyl; R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, (CRR)_(t)OH, (CRR)_(t)SH, (CRR)_(t)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)SR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(q)C(O)OH, (CRR)_(r)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)OR^(4d), (CRR)_(t)NR^(4a)C(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)C(O)OR^(4b), (CRR)_(t)OC(O)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(4b), (CRR)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(4a)R^(4a), (CRR)_(r)NR^(4a)S(O)₂R^(4b); R^(4a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl substituted with 0-1 R^(4c), C₂₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^(4e) wherein C₂₋₆ alkyl is selected from ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl, and a (CH₂)_(r)—C₃₋₆ carbocyclic residue substituted with 0-4 R^(4e) wherein the carbocyclic residue is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl; R^(4b) is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl; R^(4d) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and cyclopropyl; and R⁸ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, and cyclopropyl.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein: R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O) (CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b)′, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)′R^(6d)′, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b)′, (CH₂)_(r)S(°)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)2 NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(6e), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl; R^(6a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl; R^(6b), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, and phenyl; R^(6d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, and phenyl; R^(6e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, OH, SH, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)R^(6f), C(O)NHR^(6h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(6h), NHSO₂R^(6h), (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R^(6f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, and phenyl; R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)O(CH₂)_(r)R^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂(CH₂)_(r)R^(7b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, adamantyl, and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e) and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from thienyl, pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, and tetrazolyl; R^(7a), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, prop-2-enyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, CH₂cyclopropyl, and benzyl; R^(7b), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, CH₂-cyclopentyl, cyqlohexyl, CH₂-cyclohexyl, CF₃, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperizenyl substituted with 0-1 R^(7e), and azetidinyl; R^(7d), at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclopropyl; R^(7e), at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, (CF₂)_(r)CF₃, (CH₂)_(r)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)OH, OH, SH, C(O)OH, C(O)NHR^(7h), C(O)OC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)SC₁₋₅ alkyl, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)R^(7f), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NHSO₂—R^(7h), NHSO₂R^(7h), and (CH₂)_(r)phenyl, (CH₂)_(r)tetrazolyl; R^(7f), at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, and phenyl; and r is 0 or
 1. 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein: R⁶, at each occurrence, is selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)C(O)R^(6b)′, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(6d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(O)NR^(6a)′R^(6d)′, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6a)C(S)NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(6b)′, (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂R^(6b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(6f)S(O)₂NR^(6a)R^(6a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and (CHR′)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(6e); R⁷ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, Cl, Br, I, F, CN, NO₂, NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHC(O)NHR^(7a), NR^(7a)C(O)R^(7b), NR^(7a)C(O)OR^(7d), CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, C(O)R^(7b), C(O)OR^(7d), NR^(7f)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), NHS(O)₂R^(7b),


10. The compound of claim 9, wherein: ring B is selected from

 each substituted with 1-2 R⁵, and

each being substituted with 0-1 R⁵; Z is selected from a bond, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸—, —C(O)NR⁸—, and —NHC(O)NH—; R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶ wherein the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶, C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R⁶; R² is phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷; R⁴ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(4b); R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, F, Cl, Br, I, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)O (CH₂)_(r)R^(6d), C(O)R^(6d), SR^(6d), NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, C(O)NR^(6a)′R^(6d)′, NC(O)R^(6b), OC(O)R^(6b), S(O)_(p)R^(6b), (CHR′)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(6a)′R^(6a)′, and CF₃; R^(6a) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, and phenyl; alternatively, two R^(6a), together with the N to which they are attached, join to form a 3-8 membered heterocycle containing 0-1 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocycle is selected from aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl; R^(6b) is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl or butyl; R^(6d) is methyl, phenyl, CF₃, and (CH₂)-phenyl; and r is 0 or
 1. 11. The compound of claim 8, wherein: R⁷, at each occurrence, is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, (CH₂)_(r)C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)SH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)H, (CH₂)_(r)SR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)C(O)NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)C(O)OR^(7d), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)_(p)R^(7b), (CH₂)_(r)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7a)S(O)₂NR^(7a)R^(7a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(7f)S(O)₂R^(7b), C₁₋₂ haloalkyl, (CH₂)_(r) adamantyl, (CH₂)_(r)phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), and a (CH₂)_(r)-5-6 membered heterocyclic system containing-1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^(7e), wherein the heterocyclic ring is selected from thiophenyl, pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, and tetrazolyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is the compound of formula (Ia)


13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is the compound of formula (Ia)

wherein Z is selected from —NHC(O)—, —NHC(O)NH—, —NH—, R¹ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted from 0-1 R⁶, —C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is selected from phenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁷, and a 5-10 membered heteroaryl system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R⁷ wherein the heteroaryl system is selected from from quinazolinyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, picolinyl, isonicotinyl, furanyl, indolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, and isoxazolyl; R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, allyl, propynyl, F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OH, (CH₂)_(r)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)NR^(5a)R^(5a), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)C(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)C(O)OR^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)OC(O)R^(5b), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)S(O)₂R^(5b), and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.
 14. The compound of claim 8, wherein the compound is of formula (Ia)

R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R⁶, —C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, (CH₂)_(r)OH, (CH₂)_(r)OR^(5d), (CH₂)_(r)NR^(5a)R^(5a), and a (CRR)_(r)-5-10 membered heterocyclic system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-2 R^(5c), wherein the heterocyclic system is selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinlyl.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 16. A method for modulation of chemokine receptor activity comprising administering to a patient in need. thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 17. A method for modulation of MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and MCP-4, and MCP-5 activity that is mediated by the CCR2 receptor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 18. A method for modulation of MCP-1 activity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 19. A method for treating disorders, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, said disorders Being selected from osteoarthritis, aneurism, fever, cardiovascular effects, Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure, autoimmune diseases, HIV-infection, HIV-associated dementia, psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, transplant arteriosclerosis, physically- or chemically-induced brain trauma, inflammatory bowel disease, alveolitis, colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotoxic serum nephritis, glomerularnephritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, artherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, restinosis, organ transplantation, and cancer.
 20. A method for modulation of MIP-1β and RANTES activity that is mediated by the CCR5 receptor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 21. A method for inhibiting CCR2 and CCR5 activity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 